NCERT Solutions For Class 6 History Social Science Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities

NCERT Solutions For Class 6 History Social Science Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities

NCERT Question And Answers

Question 1. Very often, old buildings are pulled down to make way for new construction. Do you think it Is important to preserve old buildings?

Answer:

Yes, it is important to preserve old buildings because old buildings always tell the stories of the past and how people lived at that time.

Question 2. List at least two differences between the houses described in this chapter and those that you studied in

Answer:

The two differences between the houses are

Question 3. Make a list of the people who lived In the city. Were any of these people listed as living in villages such as Mehrgarh?

Answer:

The people who lived in a Harappan city were

Rulers

Traders

Scribes

Craftspersons

No, the people who lived in the city were not found in villages such as Mehrgarh. In Mehrgarh, there were farmers, herders and probably leaders of the tribes.

Question 4. Was metal used In the villages you learnt about?

Answer:

No, there was no use of metals in the villages described. People made tools with stone, wood and bone.

Question 5. Was stone used to make weights?

Answer:

Yes, a special kind of stone known as chert was used as weight.

Question 6. Can you suggest what modes of transport were used by the Harappans?

Answer:

Carts were the modes of transport used by the Harappans as the toy models of carts have been found in the city.

Question 7. Did you come across illustrations of wheeled vehicles in earlier lessons?

Answer:

No, there is no illustration of wheeled vehicles in earlier lessons.

Question 8. Seals are used even today. Find out what they are used for.

Answer:

Seals are used in modern times for verification and security purposes. They’re used to validate documents, packages, or products, indicating authenticity, ownership, or authority.

For instance, birth certificates, passports, and various permits often bear an official government seal to signify authenticity.

Question 9. You are travelling with your parents, about 4000 years ago, from Lothal to Mohenjodaro. Describe how you would travel, what your parents might carry with them, and what you would see in Mohenjodaro.

Answer:

1. We would travel on foot and maybe use carts pulled by animals, like oxen.
2. My parents would carry food, water, and some tools for our journey.
3. In Mohenjodaro, we would see the Great Bath, ‘citadel* where important people lived, ‘[‘here would be houses with flat roots and narrow streets.
4. They might have wells and baths too. We might see a marketplace hustling with people selling pottery, jewellery and food. It would be exciting to see how they made things and how different their city was from our city Lothal.

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Exercises

Question 1. How do archaeologists know that cloth was used in the Harappan Civilisation?

Answer:

Archaeologists know that people in the Harappan civilisation used cloth because they found pieces of cloth attached to the lid of a silver vase. Spindle whorls have been found which were used to spin thread. moreover, a stone statue of a man wearing an embroidered garment was found in Mohenjodaro.

Question 2. Match The Following

Codes

1. 3  4   2   1
2. 1  4   3   2
3. 4  2   1   3
4. 3  2   1   4

Question 3. Why were metals, writing, the wheel and the plough important for the Harappans?

Answer:

• Metals, writing, the wheel and the plough were important for the Harappans as
• Metals Metals like copper and bronze were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels. Gold and silver were used to make ornaments and vessels.
• Writing There were scribes, people who knew how to write. They helped to prepare meals, kept a record and wrote on materials that had not survived.
• Wheel It played a great role in the life of Harappans.
  For example, people could travel long distances easily and goods were carried easily from one place to another.
• Plough It was used to dig the Earth for turning the soil and planting seeds.

Question 4. Make a list of all the terracotta toys shown in the lesson. Which do you think children would have enjoyed playing with most?

Answer:

• Terracotta toys shown in the lesson included
• Bull Carts Small carts with wheels pulled by bulls.
• Animal Figures Various animals like elephants, monkeys and camels.
• Miniature Pots Tiny pots or vessels.
• Children might have enjoyed playing with animal figures the most. These figures could have been fun for kids to make stories about or play imaginative games, like pretending the animals were going on adventures.

Question 5.  Make a list of what Harappans mark against the things you eat today.

Answer:

The following food items were eaten by Harappans

Yes, today we eat all these items in different forms.

Question 6. Do you think that the life of farmers and herders who supplied food to the Harappan cities was different from that of the farmers and herders you read about in Chapter 2? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:

• Yes, the life of the Harappan farmers and herders was different from the farmers and herders, because of the following reasons
• Harappan farmers stored their food in granaries. However, the people in the Neolithic ages stored in clay pots, baskets or pits in the ground.
• Harappan farmers irrigated their fields with flood waters. Fields were mostly near rivers or other water sources. However, the people of the Neolithic age were unaware of this method.
• Harappan farmers lived in the outer area of the city. Basically, they lived in the countryside to grow crops. However, there were no settled cities at the time of the Neolithic age.

Question 7. Describe three important buildings in your city or village. Are they located in a special part of the settlement (For example the centre)?

What are the activities that take place in these buildings?

Answer:

The three important buildings in my city (Delhi) are

1. Rashtrapati Bhavan It is the official residence of the President of India.
2.  Parliament House In this house, elected Members of Parliament (MPs) meet and discuss all the important issues regarding the country.
3. Supreme Court It is the highest court of our country where all the major cases are decided.
4. All these are located in important areas of our National Capital.

Question 8. Are there any old buildings in your locality? Find out how old they are and who looks after them.

Answer:

There are a lot of old buildings near my locality. One of them is Red Fort. It was built by Shah Jahan in 1648.

The Archaeological Survey of India is responsible for the sitesoHndia ° ancient monuments and archaeological

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Multiple Choice Question And Answers (MCQs)

Question 1. How old the Harappa civilisation is?

1. About 4000 years old
2. About 3000 years old
3. About 4700 years old
4. About 5500 years old

Answer: 3. About 4700 years old

Question 2. Harappan civilisation came to be known for the first time while railway lines were being laid in which of the following states?

1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Rajasthan
3. Gujarat
4. Punjab

Answer: 4. Punjab

Question 3. When was the first city of Harappa discovered by the archaeologists?

1. About 80 years ago
2. About 150 years ago
3. About 50 years ago
4. About 100 years ago

Answer: 1. About 80 years ago

Question 4. The Great Bath is a part of

1. Mohenjodaro
2. Lothal
3. Dholavira
4. Kalibangan

Answer: 1. Mohenjodaro

Question 5. Which of the following cities had no elaborate storehouses?

1. Mohenjodaro
2. Harappa
3. Lothal
4. Kalibangan

Answer: 4. Kalibangan

Question 6. Name the place where rulers generally lived.

1. Lower town
2. Citadel
3. Middle town
4. None of these

Answer: 2. Citadel

Question 7. The people who knew how to write were known as

1. writers
2. scribes
3. editors
4. authors

Answer: 2. scribes

Question 8. Stone weights were made of a kind of stone known as

1. white stone
2. polished stone
3. chert
4. shells

Answer: 3. chert

Question 9. Where was the cotton grown about 7000 years ago?

1. Lothal
2. Dholavira
3. Kalibangan
4. Mehrgarh

Answer: 4. Mehrgarh

Question 10. The pieces of actual cloth were found at

1. Mehrgarh
2. Kalibangan
3. Kurnool caves
4. Mohenjodaro

Answer: 4. Mohenjodaro

Question 11. Which of the following raw materials were brought from distant places?

1. Faience
2. Tin
3. Copper and tin
4. Cotton

Answer: 3. Copper and tin

Question 12. Harappans got copper from which of the following places?

1. Rajasthan
2. Kerala
3. Jammu and Kashmir
4. Uttar Pradesh

Answer: 1. Rajasthan

Question 13. Tin was mixed to produce bronze.

1. aluminium
2. gold
3. copper
4. Silver

Answer: 3. copper

Question 14. Harappans collected which of the following fruits?

1. Mango
2. Ber
3. Apple
4. Banana

Answer: 2. Ber

Question 15. The city of Lothal was located on the bank of a tributary of which river?

1. Ganga
2. Yamuna
3. Saraswati
4. Sabarmati

Answer: 4. Sabarmati

Question 16. Which of the following reasons was not mentioned for the decline of Harappan Civilisation?

1. Flood
2. Deforestation
3. Rivers dried
4. Population decline

Answer: 4. Population decline

Question 17. Read the following statements and choose the correct option.

1. The craftspersons of Harappa include only men.
2. Copper and bronze were used to make ornaments, weapons and vessels.

Codes

1. Only 1
2. Only 2
3. Both 1 and 2
4. None of these

Answer: 2. Only 2

Question 18. Arrange the following according to chronological order.

1. Cotton cultivation at Mehrgarh.
2. Beginning of cities
3. Emergence of other cities

Codes

1. 1, 2, 3
2. 3, 2, 1
3. 2, 3, 1
4. 1, 3, 2

Answer: 1. 1, 2, 3

Question 19. Arrange the following places from the North-South direction.

1. Lothal
2. Mohenjodaro
3. Harappa
4. Kalibangan

Codes:

1. 1, 2, 3, 4
2. 2, 1, 3, 4
3. 3, 2, 1, 4
4. 3, 4, 2, 1

Answer: 4. 3, 4, 2, 1

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Match the Following

•  A   B   C   D

1.  2   3   1    4
2.  2   4    1   3
3. 3    2    1   4
4.  4   2    1   3

Answer: 1.  2 3 1  4

Question 2.

Codes

•   A   B   C   D

1.   1   2    3    4
2.   2   3    1    4
3.   4   3    2    1
4.   3   2    1   4

Answer: 2.  2   3 1 4

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Assertion Reason Question And Answers

Question 1. Assertion (A) The drains of Harappa were covered and cleaned regularly.

Reason (R) The drains were laid out in straight lines and also drain had a gentle slope so that water could flow through it.

Codes

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is true, but R is false
4. A is false, but R is true

Answer:

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Question 2. Assertion (A) Water and pastures were available around the Harappan settlements as Harappans reared cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo.

Reason (R) Harappan cities developed around 4700 years ago.

Codes:

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
2. Both A and R are true, but R Is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is true, but R is false
4. A is false, but R is true

Answer:

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Fill In The Blanks

Question 1. The ……. is the earliest city discovered in India.
Answer: Harappa

Question 2. The surplus grain was stored in ……..
Answer: granary

Question 3. The Great Bath was made of ……..
Answer: Burnt bricks

Question 4. The signs on the top of the seal are part of a……..
Answer: Script

Question 5. …. and ……. were available around settlements.
Answer: Water, pastures

Question 6.  ………. was an important centre for making objects out of stone, shell and metal.
Answer: Lothal

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities True/False

Question 1. To date, no concrete reasons have been found for the decline of Harappan cities.

Answer: True

Question2. Mohenjodaro had a large open area for public ceremonies.

Answer: False

Question 3. Most of the houses in Harappa had a separate bathing area.

Answer: True

Question 4. Cotton was probably grown around 7000 years ago in Lothal.

Answer: False

Question 5. The Harappans probably got copper from present-day Rajasthan and even from Oman in West Asia

Answer: True

Question 6. Harappans collected fruits like apples, caught fish and hunted wild animals like the antelope.

Answer: False

Question 7. The Harappan towns in the state of Gujarat have been found in Dholavira and Lothal.

Answer: True

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Picture Based Question And Answers

Question 1. Look at the picture given below and answer the questions that follow.

This well was found at which place?

1. Harappa
2. Mohenjodaro
3. Kalibangan
4. Lothal

Answer: 2. Mohenjodaro

Question 2. Look at the picture given below and answer the questions that follow.

What does the image above depict?

1. Terracotta toys of Mohenjodaro
2. Harappan toy
3. Lothal dockyard
4. Harappan seal

Answer: 4. Harappan seal

Question 3. Answer the questions based on the given picture

Question. What does the above picture represent?
Answer:

The above picture represents the Great Bath.

Question. How was this constructed?
Answer:

It was constructed with bricks and coated with plaster.

Question. This was discovered from which site?
Answer:

This was discovered in the city of Mohenjodaro.

Question. Write any two features of the above picture.
Answer:

The two features were

1. There were steps leading down to the bottom.
2. Water was drained out after use.

Question 4. Answer the questions based cube picture given below.

Question. What is being depicted in the image?
Answer:

The above picture depicted beads and jewellery.

Question. The picture shown above is made up of which material?
Answer:

The jewellery shown in the image was made up of carnelian, a beautiful red stone.

Question. Why there were holes in the middle of each bead?
Answer:

A hole was made in the centre so that a string could be passed through it.

Question 5. Look at the picture given below and answer the questions.

Question. Which type of weights are shown in the picture?
Answer:

The picture shows stone weights.

Question. They were made from which type of stone?
Answer:

They were made of chert stone.

Question. Mention their use in the past.
Answer:

They were used to weigh precious stones or metals.

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Case-Based Question And Answers

Question 1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

• Many of the things that were produced were probably the work of specialists. A specialist is a person who is trained to do only one kind of work, for example, cutting stones, polishing beads, or carving seals.
• Not everybody could have been a specialist. We do not know whether only men were specialists or only women were specialists. Perhaps some women and men may have been specialists.
• Raw materials are substances that are either found naturally (such as wood, or ores of metals) produced by farmers or herders. These are then processed to produce finished goods. For example, cotton, produced by farmers, is a raw material that may be processed to make cloth.
• While some of the raw materials that the Harappans used were available locally, many items such as copper, tin, gold, silver and precious stones had to be brought from distant places.
• “The Harappans probably got copper from present-day Rajasthan, and even from Oman in West Asia. Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce bronze, may have been brought from present-day Afghanistan and Iran.
• Gold could have come all the way from present-day Karnataka, and precious stones from present-day Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan.”

1. The objects found by archaeologists in Harappan sites were made of

1. copper
2. Bronze
3. gold
4. All Of These

Answer: 4. All Of These

2. Which of the following is not a feature of Harappan cities?

1. The Western part was usually bigger and higher.
2. The Eastern part was generally larger but lower.
3. The cities are known as Harappan Civilisation.
4. Mohenjodaro was an important city of Harappa.

Answer: 1. The Western part was usually bigger and higher.

3.  Which metal was brought from Karnataka?

1. Bronze
2. Tin
3. Copper
4. Gold

Answer: 4. Gold

4. Which work Harappan specialist didn’t specialise in?

1. Cutting stone
2. Polishing Beads
3. Carving seals
4. Making Toys

Answer: 4. Making Toys

Question 2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions.

• The city of Dholavira was located on Khadir Beyt (also spelt as Bet) in the Rann of Kutch, where there was fresh water and fertile soil. Unlike some of the other Harappan cities, which were divided into two parts, Dholavira was divided into three parts, and each part was surrounded by massive stone walls, with entrances through gateways.
• There was also a large open area in the settlement, where public ceremonies could be held. Other finds include large letters of the Harappan script that were carved out of white stone and perhaps inlaid in wood. This is a unique find as generally Harappan writing has been found on small objects such as seals.
• The city of Lothal stood beside a tributary of the Sabarmati in Gujarat, close to the Gulf of Khambat. It was situated near areas where raw materials such as semi-precious stones were easily available. This was an important centre for making objects out of stone, shell and metal. There was also a storehouse in the city.
• Many seals and sealings (the impression of seals on clay) were found in this storehouse.

1. In how many parts Dholavira was divided?
Answer:

Dholavira was divided into three parts i.e. citadel, the lower town and a large open area for public ceremonies.

2. Why was Lothal City famous?
Answer:

Lothal city was famous for making objects of stone, shell and metal.

3. Who were the craftspersons?
Answer:

Men and women were the craftspersons who made all kinds of things, either in their own homes or in special workshops.

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Very Short Answer Type Question And Answers

Question 1. Name the earliest city discovered in India.
Answer:

Harappa was the first city to be discovered in India.

Question 2. How many divisions were there in Harappan cities? Name them.
Answer:

There were two or three divisions of Harappan cities. One is called Citadel and the other is called Lower Town.

Question 3. In which cities, the sacrifices have been performed?
Answer:

In the cities ofKalibangan and Lothal, the sacrifices may have been performed.

Question 4. Name two cities which had fire altars.
Answer:

Lothal and Kalibangan had fire altars.

Question 5. Why did the rulers send people to distant lands?
Answer:

The rulers sent people to distant lands to get metals, precious stones and other things that they wanted.

Question 6. What was the evidence of embroidered garments?
Answer:

The evidence of the embroidered garment is a stone statue of an important man found in Mohenjodaro.

Question 7. Which material was used to make bangles and earrings?
Answer:

Faience was used to make bangles and earrings.

Question 8. Who is a specialist?
Answer:

A person who is trained to do only one kind of work is called a specialist.

Question 9. What were the raw materials available to the Harappans locally?
Answer:

Some of the raw materials available to the Harappans locally were copper, tin, gold and silver.

Question 10. Which commodity was traded between Harappans and West Asia?
Answer:

Copper was traded between Harappans and West Asia.

Question 11. Why did the Egyptian kings send armies to distant lands?
Answer:

The Egyptian kings sent armies to distant lands to get gold, silver, ivory, timber and precious stones.

Question 12. To whom did the farmers and herders supply their own produced food?
Answer:

The farmers and herders supplied their food to craftspersons, scribes and rulers in the cities.

Question 13. What were the grains produced by the Harappans?
Answer:

Wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed and mustard were the grains produced by the Harappans.

Question 14. How was the irrigation done in Harappan sites?
Answer:

For irrigation in Harappan sites, the water was stored and supplied to the fields when the plants were growing.

Question 15. Where was the evidence of dockyards found in Harappan cities?
Answer:

The evidence of a dockyard has been found in Lothal, Gujarat, where a huge tank may have been present, at which place the boats and ships came from the sea and through the river channel.

Question 16. Name four excavation sites of the Harappan civilisation.
Answer:

Dholavira, Lothal, Mohenjodara and Harrapan are the excavation sites of the Harappan civilisation.

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Short Answer Type Question And Answers

Question 1. How were the Harappan cities divided?
Answer:

Many of the Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts. These were

The part to the West was smaller but higher, and the archaeologists described this as the citadel. The most important buildings were located on the citadel.

The part to the East was larger but lower, known as the lower town. All houses were constructed in the lower town. This was the residential area of common people.

Question 2. Describe the architectural features and the rituals offered in the Great Bath.
Answer:

The architectural features of the Great Bath are

• It is a special tank, which was lined with bricks, coated with plaster and made water-tight with a layer of natural tar.
• There were steps leading down to it from two sides, while there were rooms on all sides.
• Water was probably brought in from a well and drained out after use.
• The ritual offered in Great Bath was that people took a dip in the tank on special occasions.

Question 3. How was the housing pattern of Harappans?
Answer:

• In Harappan civilisation, usually houses were either one or two storeys high, with rooms built around a courtyard.
• Most houses had a separate bathing area and some had wells to supply water. Apart from these, Harappa had elaborated storehouses.

Question 4. Discuss the drainage system of Harappan cities.
Answer:

The drainage system of Harappan cities had the following features

• It was covered and laid out in straight lines.
• Each drainage had a gentle slope so that water could flow through it.
• The drains of houses were connected to the streets and smaller drains led to bigger drains.
• Inspection holes were provided on the drain cover for regular cleaning.

Question 5. What was the role of rulers in the Harappan cities?
Answer:

• In Harappan cities, the role of the ruler was to plan the construction of special buildings in the city. Rulers sent people to distant lands to get metal, precious stones and other things that they wanted.
• It is assumed that they may have kept the most valuable objects, such as ornaments of gold and silver, or beautiful beads, for themselves.

Question 6. How were the seals used in Harappa?
Answer:

• In Harappa, seals may have been used to stamp bags or packets containing goods that were sent from one place to another.
• After a bag was closed or tied, a layer of wet clay was applied on the knot and the seal was pressed on it. The impression of the seal is known as a sealing.

Question 7. Describe the lifestyle of the Harappan people.
Answer:

• The Harappan people had a busy lifestyle. They lived in well-planned cities with houses made of bricks. People were skilled in farming, trading goods like pottery and jewellery and making tools.
• They used weights for trade and had their own script that’s still a mystery. They wore colourful clothes and jewellery.
• The city had open areas for public ceremonies and an efficient drainage system. Overall, Harappans were skilled, lived in organised cities, and had a vibrant life filled with different activities.

Question 8. Describe the craftworks of the Harappans.
Answer:

The craftworks of the Harappans were as follows

• Crafts in Harappa were made of stone, shell and metal, including copper, bronze, gold and silver.
• Copper, bronze, silver and gold were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels. Apart from these artefacts, beads, weights and blades were also made.

Question 9. What was Faience? For what it was used?
Answer:

1. Faience was the material that was produced artificially. A gum was used to shape sand and powdered quartz into an object.
2. The objects were then glazed, resulting in a shiny, glassy surface. The colours of the glaze were usually blue or sea green.
3. Faience was used to make beads, bangles, earrings and tiny vessels.

Question 10. How was the location of the Lothal city important?
Answer:

• The city of Lothal was located on the bank of a tributary of the Sabarmati River in Gujarat, close to the Gulf of Khambat.
• Lothal city was an important centre for making objects out of stone, shell and metal. It was situated near areas where raw materials such as semi-precious stones were easily available.
• The pieces of stone, half-made beads, tools for bead making, and finished beads have been found here which suggests that there was a workshop for making beads in Lothal.

Question 11. What signs or events marked the decline of the Harappan Civilisation?
Answer:

The following signs or events marked the decline of the Harappan Civilisation

• Around 3900 years ago, people stopped living in many of the cities and the writing, seals and weights were no longer used.
• The buying of raw materials from long distances was reduced.
• In Mohenjodaro garbage piled up on the streets, the drainage system broke down and new houses were built, even over the streets.

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Long Answer Type Question And Answers

Question 1. Describe the characteristics and purpose of the seals used during that time.
Answer:

• The characteristics of the seals used during that time were as follows
• The Harappans made seals out of stone. They were generally rectangular and usually had an animal carved on them.
• Seals were made by a specialist. Harappan writing has been found on seals. Many seals and sealings (the impression of seals on clay) were found in this storehouse of Lothal.
• Seals may have been used to stamp bags or packets containing goods that were sent from one place to another. After a bag was closed or tied, a layer of wet clay was applied to the knot, and the seal was pressed on it. The impression of the seal is known as a sealing.

Question 2. What are raw materials? What were the key locations from which the Harappans obtained their raw materials?
Answer:

Raw materials are those substances that are processed to produce finished goods. They are either found naturally (such as wood, or ores of metals) or produced by farmers or herders.

Some of the raw materials used by the Harappans were locally available but other materials were obtained from the following locations

1. The Harappans probably got copper from present-day Rajasthan and Oman in West Asia.
2. Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce bronze, may have been brought from present-day Afghanistan and Iran.
3. Gold could have been brought from present-day Karnataka and precious stones were obtained from present-day Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan.

Question 3. What were the various groups of people in the Harappan cities?
Answer:

The various groups of people in the Harappan cities were as follows

1. There were rulers who planned the construction of special buildings in the city. Most probably they resided in the citadel, the upper town. They made important decisions for the town.
2.  Scribes were the people who knew how to write. They helped prepare the seals and wrote on other materials also.
3. There were craftspersons including men and women. They made all kinds of things either in their own homes or in special workshops.
4. There were travellers who travelled to distant lands and brought with them raw materials and stories.

Question 4. Describe the key archaeological findings at Dholavira and Lothal.
Answer:

The main findings at Dholavira include the following

• Dholavira was divided into three parts, and each part was surrounded by massive stone walls, with entrances through gateways.
• There was also a large open area in the settlement, where public ceremonies could be held.
• The large letters of the Harappan script that were carved out of white stoneware were found here.

The main findings at Lothal include the following

1. This site was an important centre for making objects from stone, shell and metal. Raw materials such as semi-precious stones were easily available here.
2. There was also a storehouse in this city where many seals and sealings (the impression of seals on clay) were found.
3. The pieces of stone, half-made beads, tools for bead making, and finished beads have been found here which suggests that there was a workshop for making beads in Lothal.

Question 5. What could be the probable reasons as suggested by the archaeologists for the end of Harappa? Justify, if these reasons explain the end of all the cities.
Answer:

The probable reasons as suggested by the archaeologists for the end of Harappa

•  The rivers dried up and there was deforestation because a large quantity of fuel was required for baking bricks and for smelting copper ores.
•  Grazing by large herds of cattle, sheep and goats may have destroyed the green cover, while there were floods in some areas.
• However, these reasons do not explain the end of all the cities, because the flooding or drying of a river would have had an effect only in some areas.
• It appears that the rulers had lost control over the cities. The sites in Sind and West Punjab (present-day Pakistan) were abandoned, while many people moved into newer, smaller settlements to the East and the South. New cities emerged about 1400 years later.

History Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Map Based Question And Answers

Question 1. Show the following cities on the outline map of India.

1. Rakhi Garhi
2. Sotkakoh
3. Kalibangan
4. Mohenjodaro
5. Lothal

Answer: