NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods

NCERT Question And Answers

Question 1.

1. You have already read about the work that people do in rural areas. Now compare the work that people in this illustration are doing with the work that people do in rural areas.
Answer:

2. Some parts of the city are different from others. What differences do you notice in this illustration?
Answer:

Some parts of the city have high-rise buildings. Some parts of the city are crowded and congested as they are occupied by pavement shops and vendors. The smoke of industry also pollutes the atmosphere.

Question .2 Why did Bachchu Manjhi come to the city?
Answer:

Bachchu Manjhi came to the city to find better work because he didn’t get enough masonry work in his village regularly. His income was not sufficient to sustain his family.

Question.3 Why can’t Bachchu Manjhi live with his family?
Answer:

Bachchu can’t live with his family due to the following reasons

• The city is very expensive compared to the village. Bachchu’s earnings wouldn’t be enough for his family.
• His rickshaw pulling work gives him money each day, but if he’s sick or there are no customers, he nothing. He needs a fixed income to support his family.
• His wife might not find jobs in the city easily, making it difficult to survive in the city. In the village, she works as an agricultural laborer.

Question 4. Talk to a vegetable vendor or hawker and find out how they organize their work, their way of preparing, purchasing, selling, etc.
Answer:

The vegetable vendors or hawkers organize their work in the following manner

The Vegetable Vendors: They purchase fresh vegetables from vegetable mandis in the early morning.

• They arrange them on the pulling rickshaws and cycle so that every vegetable is visible.
• They tell the price of vegetables to the customer and if the customer is interested in buying them, he weighs the desired amount with his weighing machine and gives it to them.
• They sprinkle water on the vegetables to keep them fresh in the afternoon.
• In the evening they try to sell his vegetables at an even lower cost than in the morning as he has to return home.

Hawkers:  They buy daily-use items like utensils, pottery, water bottles, cups, garments, etc from a factory and load them into their trolley.

• They then go from place to place calling loudly to attract people.
• They then show his items to the people. Sometimes people try to bargain with him to get the article at a lower price.
• People stop them, try garments, and do not buy sometimes which disappoints them. In the evening they return back.

Question 5. Bachchu Manjhi has to think twice before taking a day off from work. Why?
Answer:

Bachchu Manjhi has to think twice before taking a day off from work because he earns on a daily basis. On days when he can’t do his work, he doesn’t earn anything.

Question 6. Why did Harpreet and Vandana start a showroom? What do they have to do to run the showroom?
Answer:

Harpreet and Vandana started the showroom after completing their college education because now it is the trend of ready-made garments instead of buying clothes and getting them stiched.

They have to do the following things to run the showroom

• They have to purchase garments from different cities and states.
• They have to put them in showcases.
• They have to give advertisements in different newspapers, radio channels, TV channels, etc.

Question 7. Talk to a shop owner in a market and find out how he plans his work. Have there been any changes in his business in the past 20 years?
Answer:

By talking to a businessman, we found that he plans his work in the following ways

• He buys different things from different places.
• He advertises his products in the newspapers, radio, and TV channels. During the last 20 years, things have changed. Earlier he sold clothes, now, he sells readymade garments as the trend is for readymade garments.

Question 8 What are the differences between those who sell on
the street and those in the market?
Answer:

The differences between those who sell on the street and those in the market are

Question 9. Why do you think small workshops and factories employ casual workers?
Answer:

The small workshops and factories employ casual workers because these workshops and factories get large orders from abroad or some other dealer for a few months in a year.

Question 10. Describe the working conditions of people like Nirmala keeping in mind the following: working hours, conditions in the workplace, earnings and the days of work available.
Answer:

The working conditions of people like Nirmala are

• Working Hours Workers like Nirmala have to work very long hours in the months from December to April.
• A normal working day begins at 9 am and finishes only by 10 pm, sometimes even later. She works for six days a week. At times when the work needs to be done urgently, she works on Sundays too.

Conditions in the Workplace There is a small workshop where people work on sewing machines. Clothes that have been stitched were placed in one corner of the room.

Earnings Nirmala is paid? 280 per day for eight hours and ? 100 extra for working late.

Days of Work Available By June the work is over and the factory reduces its staff. Nirmala will also be asked to leave. For about three or four months in the year, there is no work for her.

Question 11. Would you say that domestic workers like housemaids are also casual workers? Why? Describe the workday of one such woman detailing the work she does in other people’s houses.
Answer:

• Domestic workers like housemaids are not casual workers because they get monthly payments, food, and accommodation to live.
• They may also be given some medical help when needed. They work throughout the year. Generally, the work time for the housemaids starts early in the morning.

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Question And Answers

Question 1. Read and discuss the following description of the living conditions of workers who come to the labor chowk.

• Most workers that we find at the labor chowk cannot afford permanent accommodation and so sleep on pavements near the chowk, or they pay ? 6 a night for a bed at a nearby night shelter run by the Municipal Corporation.
• To compensate for the lack of security, local tea and cigarette shops function as banks, moneylenders, and safety lockers, all rolled into one.
• Most workers leave their tools at these shops for the night for safekeeping and pass on any extra money to them. The shopkeepers keep the money safe and also offer loans to laborers in need.

Source: Aman Sethi, Hindu On-line

Answer:

At Labor Chowk, a number of workers are available at a time. These workers generally find regular work. Their jobs are only for one or two days. They spend their night on pavements or in the viscera (Rain Basera) built by Municipal Corporation. Their daily earning is not fixed. Their economic position is unstable. They spend what they earn on families.

Question 2. Complete the following table and discuss how their work is different

Answer:

Question 3. In what ways is a permanent and regular job different from a casual job? Discuss.
Answer:

A permanent and regular job is different from a casual job in the following ways

Question 4. What benefits does Sudha get along with her salary?
Answer:

Sudha enjoys the following benefits with her salary

• She has a provident fund as a saving.
• She can get medical leave when she feels ill and also her company provides medical facilities for her
• She gets off on every Sunday, national festivals and she also gets some days as annual leave.

Question 5. Fill In the following table to show the services provided by people In the markets which you visit frequently.

Answer:

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1. In a survey of Ahmedabad city, how many workers were found to be working on the street?

1. 13 percent
2. 15 percent
3. 45 percent
4. 12 percent

Answer: 4. 12 percent

Question 2. Vendors sell things that are often prepared at which of the following places?

1. At shops
2. At homes
3. At street itself
4. At neighbouring shops

Answer: 2. At homes

Question 3. Most of the businessmen are

1. self-employed
2. Municipal Corporation employed
3. Government employed
4. None of the above

Answer: 1. self employed

Question 4. Which one of the following statements Is or is Incorrect?

1. A large number of people in the city work on the streets.
2. People prefer to buy readymade clothes these days. Codes

Codes:

1. Only 1
2. Both 1 and 2
3. Only 2
4. None of the above

Answer: 1. Only I

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Match the Following

Codes:

• A  B  C  D

1. 2 1 3 4
2. 4 3 2 1
3. 3 4 1 2
4. 1 2 3 4

Answer: 3. 3 4 1 2

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Assertion-Reason

1. Assertion (A) There are almost 1 crore street vendors in the country working in urban areas.

Reason (R) The government is thinking about modifying the law that bans street vendors so that they have a place to work where there is also a free flow of traffic and people.

Codes

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is true, but R is false
4. A is false, but R is true

Answer:  1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Question 2. Assertion (A) There is diversity in the employment of people in urban areas.

Reason (R) People are employed in all walks of employment because of the growing economy and opportunities available to them.

Codes

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is true, but R is false
4. A is false, but R is true

Answer: 2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Fill in the Blanks

Question 1. There are more than ______ thousand towns in India.

Answer: Five

Question 2. Often workers who make a living in the city are forced to set up their _____on the______as well.

Answer: homes, street

Question 3. Many workers in the______ work in companies.

Answer: City

Question 4. In a survey of Ahmedabad city, it was found that ________of all the workers in the city were people working on the streets.

Answer: 12 per cents

Question 5. A call center is a centralized office that deals with problems and questions of the_________.

Answer: Consumers

Question 6. Municipal Corporation issue_________to people to run their business in cities.

Answer: Licenses

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods True Or False

Question 1. Only a few percentage of people work on the streets in the city.

Answer: False

Question 2. A dentist’s clinic is also at the starting place of the market.

Answer: False

Question 3. Shops in markets are usually temporary structures.

Answer: False

Question 4. Temporary workers get medical facilities

Answer: False

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Picture Based Question And Answers

1. Look at the picture of labor Chowk given below and answer the question that follows

1. Which of the following is not true about the labor chowk?

1. It is a place where daily wage workers wait for work.
2. It is usually located in an urban
3. It is a place where workers can negotiate their wages.
4. It is a place where workers can get social benefits such as health insurance and paid time off.

Answer: 4. It is a place where workers can get social benefits such as health insurance and paid time off.

Question 2. Look at the picture given below and answer the following questions.

1. Describe the work conditions at all centers.
Answer:

Call centers are generally set up as Jarge rooms with workstations that include a computer, a telephone set, and supervisor’s stations.

2. Why are many call centers set up in India?
Answer:

India has become a major center not only for Indian companies but also for foreign companies. They set up call centers here as they can get people who can speak English and will work for lower wages.

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Case-Based Question

1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions.

• Bachchu Manjhi’s wife and three children live in the village. We don’t own land. In the village, I did not get masonry work regularly. The income that I earned was not enough for our family.
• After I reached this city, I bought an old cycle rickshaw and paid for it in installments. This was many years ago. I come to the bus stop every morning and take the customers wherever they want to go. I work till 8.30 in the evening.
• I take rides of up to 6 kilometers in the surrounding area. Does each customer give me? 10-30 per trip depending on the distance. When I’m ill I can’t do this work, so on those days I don’t earn anything. I stay with my friends in a rented room.
• They work in a nearby factory. I earn between t 200-300 every day, out of which I spend. 100-150 on food and rent. The rest I save for my family. I visit my village two or three times a year to see my family. Though my family survives on the money I send, my wife also earns from agricultural work that she gets once in a while.

Question 1. For which of the following purposes did Bachchu Manjhi come to the city?

1. To find masonry work
2. To buy a cycle-rickshaw
3. To visit his family
4. To find a better job

Answer: 4. To find a better job

Question 2. What does Bachchu Manjhl do with the rest of his earnings?

1. He saves it for his family.
2. He sends it to his wife.
3. He spends it on himself.
4. He invests it in a business.

Answer: 1. He saves it for his family.

Question 3. What Is the main source of Income for Bachchu Manjhi’s family?

1. Bachchu Manjhi’s earnings from pulling a cycle-rickshaw.
2. Bachchu Manjhi’s wife’s earnings from agricultural work
3. Both Bachchu Manjhi’s and his wife’s earnings.
4. None of the above

Answer: 3. Both Bachchu Manjhi’s and his wife’s earnings.

Question 4. Where did Bachchu Manjhl work earlier?

1. As a mason in a village
2. As a cycle-rickshaw puller in a village
3. As a factory worker in a city
4. As a teacher in a village

Answer: 1. As a mason in a village

2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions.

• Like Harpreet and Vandana, there are many people who own shops in various markets of the city. These shops may be small or large and they sell different things.
• Most businesses- persons manage their own shops or businesses. They are not employed by anyone. But, they do employ a number of other workers as supervisors and helpers.
• These are permanent shops that are given a license to do business, by the Municipal Corporation. The Municipal Corporation also decides on which day of the week the market has to remain closed.
• For example, the shops in the above market are closed on Wednesdays. This market also has small offices and shops that provide services, such as banks, couriers as services, and others.

Question 1. Describe the work of Harpreet and Vandana.
Answer:

Harpreet and Vandana are business persons. They opened a showroom some years ago because nowadays people prefer to buy readymade garments and a showroom is required to display them.

Question 2. How do business persons manage their work?
Answer:

Most of the business-persons manage their own shops themselves. They do not work under anyone, instead, they employ a number of other workers as supervisors and helpers.

Question 3. Who makes decisions regarding the operation of shops in a city?
Answer:

Municipal Corporations decide the operation of shops in a city, it gives the permanent shops license to do business. It also decides the day when the market has to remain closed.

Question 4. Which services are provided by a market? How these services are beneficial for people?
Answer:

• Services provided by a market include banks, courier services, and others.
• These services are beneficial for people in many ways.
• For example, a bank enables people to send or receive money and thus facilitates transactions to carry out the business.

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Very Short Type Question And Answers

Question 1. Name the major means of livelihood In urban areas. Dlksha
Answer:

The major means of livelihood in urban areas include street vending, hawking, offices, factories, shops, etc.

Question 2. What do you mean by a hawker?
Answer:

A hawker refers to a person who sells things by going from place to place and asking people to buy them.

Question 3. What does it mean to employ people on a casual basis?
Answer:

The people employed on a casual basis means that they are required to come as and when the employer needs them.

Question 4. What is the report of a survey of Ahmedabad city?
Answer:

In a survey of Ahmedabad city, it was found that 12 percent of all the workers in the city were people working on the street. They sometimes sell things repair them or provide a service.

Question 5. What is meant by a street vendor?
Answer:

A street vendor is a salesperson who has no fixed place of doing business. The street vendor usually sells things that are prepared at their homes by their family or sell daily-use items.

Question 6. What are the plans of the government regarding hawkers?
Answer:

The government is thinking about modifying the law that banned street vendors, so that they have a place to work and that there is also a free flow of traffic and people.

Question 7. How was street vending earlier looked upon by people?
Answer:

Street vending was earlier considered as an obstruction to traffic and to people talking.

Question 8. What is the purpose of a call center?
Answer:

A call center is a centralized office that deals with problems and questions that consumers or customers have regarding goods purchased and services like banking, ticket booking, etc.

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Short Type Question And Answers

Question 1. What are the main problems faced by street hawkers? 
Answer:

The main problems faced by street hawkers are as follows

• Their shops are not a permanent establishment but a temporary arrangement.
• Police can dismantle their shops at any time.
• They have not been provided with any security of job.
• Their earning depends on number of days they work.
• In certain parts of the cities, they are not allowed to enter.

Question 2. What suggestions have been made so that street vendors have a place to work?
Answer:

The following suggestions have been made so that street vendors have a place to work

• Hawking zones have been suggested by the government in towns and cities.
• Mobile vendors should be allowed to move around freely.
• Hawkers need to be part of committees that are set up to make decisions relating to them.

Question 3. What are the problems faced by non-permanent workers?
Answer:

The problems faced by non-permanent workers follow

• If workers complain about their pay or working conditions, they are asked to leave.
• There is no job security, or protection if there is ill-treatment.
• They are also expected to work very long hours

Question 4. What are the benefits received by regular and permanent workers?

Answer:

The benefits received by regular and permanent workers are

• Savings for Old Age A part of their salary is kept in a fund with the government. They will earn interest on these savings. After their retirement, they will get this money and can then live their life well.
• Holidays They get off on Sundays and national holidays. They also get annual leave.
• Medical Facilities get medical facilities for themselves and their family. The medical expenses are paid by their company up to a certain amount. They are also given medical leave without any cut in their salary when they fall ill.

Question 5. “Some people attend the same office regularly. This work is clearly identified. They get a regular salary. Unlike casual workers, they will not be asked to leave if the factory does not have much work.”

1. Who are casual workers?
Answer: 

Casual workers are employees who are employed on a temporary basis. They are typically paid on a daily or weekly basis and they may not be entitled to benefits such as paid time off health insurance. Casual workers are often found in low-skilled jobs, such as construction, agriculture, and retail.

2. What is regular employment?
Answer:

Regular employment refers to a stable job with fixed hours, salary, and benefits. They provide long-term job security and stability to the employers

Civics Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods Long Type Question And Answers

Question 1. Discuss the lives of hawkers in the city.
Answer:

The lives of the hawkers in the city are discussed below.

• They work on their own, they are not employed by anyone. They sell their products from one place to another.
• Their shops are usually temporary structures like some boards or papers spread over discarded boxes or maybe a canvas sheet hung up on a few poles.
• hey may also use their own carts or simply a plastic sheet spread on the pavement.
• They can be asked to dismantle their shops at any time by the police.
• There are certain parts of the city where these hawkers are not allowed to enter.

Question 2. Describe the changes that have occurred in the garment industry in recent years, and how businesspersons have adapted their business to meet these changes.
Answer:

• The garment industry has undergone significant changes in recent years. In the past, people were more likely to have their clothes stitched to order by a tailor.
• However, today, there is a growing demand for readymade garments. This is due to a number of factors, including the increasing pace of life, the rising cost of living, and the changing fashion trends.
• The businesspersons have adapted their business to meet these changes by opening a showroom that sells readymade garments.
• They also source their materials from a variety of different places, including Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Ludhiana, Tripura, Noida, Gurgaon, and even foreign countries. This allows them to offer a wide range of products to their customers at competitive prices.

Question 3. Describe the challenges that are faced by the rural and urban women in our country.
Answer:

The challenges faced by rural women are

• Poor resource base and resource quality (small or no agricultural land and water).
• lliteracy and lack of skill.
• Lack of awareness about different government schemes and programs.
• Lack of knowledge of disasters.
• The challenges faced by urban women are
• Lack of employment and irregular jobs.
• Lack of job security and low wages.
• Lack of sufficient and timely credit support system for petty trade.
• Congested and hazardous working conditions

Question 4. ‘The daily wage laborers work as helpers to masons. Discuss the challenges of daily wage laborers.
Answer: 

Some of the challenges that daily wage laborers face include

• Low Wages: Daily wage laborers typically earn very low wages. This can make it difficult for them to provide for their families and meet their basic needs.
• Long Hours: Daily wage laborers often have to work long hours, sometimes in difficult or dangerous conditions. This can cause harm to their health and well-being.
• Lack of Security: Daily wage laborers often do not have job security. They can be laid off at any time, without notice or compensation.
• Exploitation: Daily wage laborers are often vulnerable to exploitation by their employers. They may be forced to work long hours for low wages, or they may be subjected to unsafe working conditions.