Community Dentistry Miscellaneous Short And Long Essay Question And Answers

Miscellaneous Short Essays

Question 1. Odds ratio.
Answer:

Odds Ratio Definition:

Odds Ratio is a measure of the strength of the association between risk factors and outcome

Odds Ratio It Is Based On:

• The disease being investigated must be relatively rare. Example: Chronic disease
• The cases must be representative of those with the disease
• The controls must be representative of those without the disease

Odds Ratio Example:

If the odd’s ratio is 6.2- means the risk of oral cancer was 6.2 times greater in individuals in tobacco chewers than in non-chewers

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Question 2. Tristan de Cunhan study.
Answer:

Tristan de Cunhan’s study

• It is a small remote island in the South Atlantic inhabited by people of European descent
• In the early 1960s volcanic eruption led to the evacuation of the entire community to England
• After a few years, an improvement occurred and the region became habitable
• Thus the people returned
• Modern industries developed and processed food became easily available
• Dental examination was carried out on an island in 1932, 1937 and 1953
• In England in 1962
• On an island in 1966
• Results obtained are

Question 3. Functional appliances.
Answer:

Functional Appliances Definition:

Functional Appliances is defined as loose fitting/ passive appliances that harness natural forces of oro-facial musculature that are transmitted to teeth and alveolar bone

Classification Of Functional Appliances:

• According to Tom Graber
• Group A: teeth supported
• Group B: teeth/ tissue supported
• Group C: vestibular positioned
• Based on use
• Removable
• Semi fixed
• Fixed

Functional Appliances Uses:

Intercept and treat jaw discrepancies

Functional Appliances Changes That Occur:

• Increase/ decrease jaw relationship
• Change spatial jaw relationship
• Changes direction of jaw growth
  Accelerates desired growth

Question 4. Diet counseling.
Answer:

Diet Counseling

• Steps
• Introduce diet dairy
• 24-hour diet record is prepared
• A daily diet of dairy is advised
• Analyse complete records
• Isolating the sugar factors
• Patients education
• Consumption of sugar substitutes

Diet Counseling First Appointment:

• A diet diary of 6 consecutive days is prepared
• The form of particular food taken, its approximate amount along with snacks, candies, syrups, chewing gums consumption is recorded
• Identify the sugar-containing food items
• Mark such items with red Xs while others with blue Xs
• Explain to the patient the harmful effects of sugar-containing substances and explain to decrease the red Xs items while increasing the blue Xs items
• Teach him as a game
• Suggest sugar substitutes like peanuts

Diet Counseling Recall Visits:

• Recall appointments are carried out at regular intervals during the next months
• During these visits evaluate the patient’s progress and provide reinforcement

Question 5. Interceptive orthodontics.
Answer:

Interceptive Orthodontics Definition:

Interceptive Orthodontics is that phase of the science and art of orthodontics employed to recognize and eliminate potential irregularities and malpositions of the developing dentofacial complex

Interceptive Orthodontics Procedures:

• Serial Extraction
  • Serial Extraction is the planned extraction of certain deciduous teeth and later specific permanent teeth in an orderly sequence and pre-determined pattern
  • Developing anterior crossbite
  • Treated to prevent minor orthodontic problems
• Interception Of Habits
  • Habits that are intercepted are
    • Thumb sucking
    • Tongue thrusting
    • Mouth breathing
• Space Regaining
• • Space lost by the mesial movement of the molar can be regained by distal movement of 1st molar
  • Muscular exercise
  • It helps to improve aberrant muscle function
  • Interception of skeletal Malrelation
  • To reduce the severity of the disease
  • Removal of soft tissues and bony barriers

Question 6. Exfoliative cytology.
Answer:

Exfoliative Cytology

Refers to the removal of surface cells for cytological examination

Exfoliative Cytology Uses:

Exfoliative Cytology For Diagnosis:

Routine screening of patients with oral lesions and recurrent carcinoma

Exfoliative Cytology The Stains Used Are:

Papanicolaon stain

Question 7. Four-handed dentistry
Answer:

Four-Handed Dentistry

Four-handed dentistry is the term given to the art of seating both the dentist and the dental assistant in such a way that both are within easy reach of the patient’s mouth

Four-Handed Dentistry Process:

• The patient is in a fully supine position
• The assistant will hand the dentist the particular instrument he wants
• Assistant can also perform functions like retraction or aspiration

Four-Handed Dentistry Advantages:

• Dentists can completely keep their eyes on the field of operation
• Less fatigue
• Greater efficiency
• Training Period Of Assistant:
• One or two years

Question 8. Orofacial signs of sexual abuse.
Answer:

Orofacial Signs Of Sexual Abuse

• Contusion
• Laceration of
  • Tongue
  • Buccal mucosa
  • Palate
  • Alveolar mucosa
  • Frenum
• Fractured, displaced, or avulsed teeth
• Facial bone and jaw fractures
• Burns
• Discolored teeth
• Pulpal necrosis
• Bruises
• Lichenification
• Scarring at the corners of the mouth

Question 9. Expert witness.
Answer:

Expert Witness

• An expert witness is a witness who by education, training, skill, or experience is believed to have expertise and specialized knowledge in a particular subject
• They are usually instructed to produce a joint statement detailing points of agreement and disagreement
• They charge a professional fee which is paid by the party
• They may be issued with a witness summon
• They must be qualified on the topic of testimony
• They may also deliver expert evidence

Expert Witness Expert Evidence:

• Fingerprints
• Blood analysis
• DNA fingerprinting

Question 10. Quarantine.
Answer:

Quarantine Definition:

A period of time during which a vehicle, person, or material suspected of carrying a contiguous disease is detained at a port of entry under enforced isolation to prevent the disease from entering a country

• It is used to separate and restrict the movement of good persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease to see if they become ill
• It can apply to humans as well as animals
• Quarantine periods are very short

Quarantine Purpose:

• Prevent the spread of contamination
• To contain the contamination such that others are not put at risk

Question 11. Perjury.
Answer:

Perjury

A crime that occurs when an individual willfully makes a false statement during a judicial procedure after he/she has taken an oath to speak the truth

Perjury Basic Elements:

• A false statement is made under oath during a judicial proceeding
• The statement must be material or relevant to the proceeding
• The witness must have the specific intent to deceive

Perjury Punishment:

• Fine
• Imprisonment
• Both

Miscellaneous Short Question And Answers

Question 1. Positive health.
Answer:

Positive health

• Positive health is the group of subjective, biological, and functional that increase health and illness target
• Positive Health Indicator:
• Positive health is one or a collection of questions that assess the presence of one / several aspects of health as more than the absence of disease or symptoms

Question 2. Sporadic.
Answer:

Sporadic

• Sporadic means scattered about
• The cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time, and generally infrequently

Question 3. Gingival physiotherapy.
Answer:

• Gingival physiotherapy Device used
  • Toothbrush
  • Rubber tip stimulator
  • Interdental cleaning device
• Gingival physiotherapy Effects
  • Epithelial thickening
  • Increased keratinization
  • Increased mitotic activity

Question 4. Soil, Seed, and Sower.
Answer:

Soil, Seed and Sower

• Soil, Seed and Sower is one of the principles of health education
• According to it:
• The people are the soil
• Seeds: health facts- must be truthful
• Sower: transmitting media- should be attractive, palatable, and acceptable

Question 5. Co-insurance.
Answer:

Co-insurance

• Co-insurance is defined as ” an arrangement under which a carrier and the beneficiary are each liable for a share of the cost of the dental services provided”
• Co-insurance means that the patient pays a percentage of the total cost of the treatment
• V helps to keep the premium down
• Example: The patient has to pay 20% of the cost of the treatment, and the remaining 80% will be paid by the insurance company

Question 6. Folk medicine.
Answer:

Folk medicine Definition:

Folk medicine is the treatment of disease or injury based on tradition, especially on oral tradition, often utilizing Indigenous plants as remedies

• It refers to healing practices and ideas of body physiology and health preservation known to a limited segment of the population in a culture
• It often coexists with formalized education-based and institutionalized systems of healing
• Practices of folk medicine may be influenced by the formalized medical systems

Synonyms:

• Traditional medicine
• Alternative medicine

Question 7. Emporiatics.
Answer:

Emporiatics

• Emporiatics is the specialty of travel medicine dealing with diseases that travelers can acquire especially in the tropics
• Emporiatics deals with the prevention and management of health problems of international traveler
• Example: traveler’s diarrhea
• It comprises of
  • Prevention
  • Assistance
  • Wilderness medicine
  • Access to healthcare

Question 8. Standard of living.
Answer:

Standard of living

• Standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class
• Standard of living is inherent subjective

Standard of living Factors Effecting:

• Income
• Quality and availability of employment
• Poverty rate
• Housing
• Hours of work
• Quality health care
• Quality of education
• Life expectancy
• Incidence of disease
• Cost of services
• Environmental Quality

Question 9. Mores.
Answer:

Mores

• They are norms or customs which express fundamental values of society
• They are derived from the established practices of a society rather than from written laws
• They consist of shared understandings about the kinds of behavior likely to evoke approval, disapproval, toleration, or sanction, within particular contexts

Question 10. Need for dental care.
Answer:

Need for dental care Types:

• Normative need
  • Normative is the requirement for care as determined by expert opinion
• Felt need
  • Felt is the requirement of care as determined by the patient or public
• Expressed need
  • Expressed arises out of attempts by members of the public to seek attention for their perceived needs

Need for dental care Approaches to Estimate Need:

• Surveys of dental health status
• Surveys of need for dental care using a questionnaire
• Analyses of service or treatment records

Question 11. Accretion.
Answer:

Accretion

Accretion is a process where most of the fluoride is buried within the mineral crystallites during the period of crystal growth

Question 12. Census.
Answer:

Census

• Census is the collection of information from all the individuals in a population
• Census is the total process of collecting, completing and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specified time or times to all persons in a community

Census Disadvantages:

• Expensive
• Time-consuming
• Less accurate

Question 13. Primordial prevention.
Answer:

Primordial prevention

• Primordial prevention is the prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared
• Primordial prevention is receiving special attention in the prevention of chronic diseases
• In it, efforts are directed toward discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles
• The main intervention in primordial prevention is through individual and mass education

Question 14. Hidden caries.
Answer:

Hidden caries

• Hidden caries is a term used to describe occlusal dentin caries that is missed on visual examination but is large enough and demineralized enough to be detected radiographically
• The detection rate of such lesions will depend upon the prevalence of caries in the population
• Occlusal enamel appears sound or only minimally demineralized
• Hidden caries is difficult to diagnosed

Question 15. Clinical manifestation of AIDS.
Answer:

Clinical manifestation of AIDS

• Unexplained diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Loss of body weight
• Fever
• Night sweat
• Oral thrush
• Generalized lymphadenopathy
• Enlarged spleen
• Opportunistic infections

Question 16. Deductible.
Answer:

Deductible

• A deductibleis stipulated flat sum that the patient must pay towards the cost of treatment before the benefits of the program go into effect
• A deductibleis sometimes called” front-end-payment”

Question 17. Space maintainers.
Answer:

Space maintainers Definition:

A space maintainer is a device used to maintain the space created by the loss of deciduous teeth

Space Maintainer Requirements:

• Maintain the space created
• Restores function
• Prevent supra eruption of opposing teeth
• Simple to construct
• Withstand functional forces
• Do not exert excessive forces
• Maintain oral hygiene
• Allow growth of permanent teeth
• Should not interfere with oral function

Question 18. Geriatric dentistry.
Answer:

Geriatric dentistry

• Geriatric dentistry is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related disease as part of an interdisciplinary professionals
• In older individuals, dental disease is more common due to
• Decreased immunity
• Presence of systemic disease

Common Oral Problems Are:

• Periodontitis
• Attrition
• Root caries
• Early edentulism

Question 19. Epizootic.
Answer:

Epizootic

• An epidemic outbreak of the disease in an animal population often with the implication that it may extend to humans
• Epizootic can lead to an epidemic among humans who are exposed to disease animals
• Epizootic may be
• Restricted to a specific area/ local
• Genera
• Epizootic affects a large number of animals at the same time within a particular region

Question 20. Seasonal trends.
Answer:

Seasonal trends

• Seasonal trends is a prominent feature of infectious disease occurrence
• Example: Measles and varicella are usually found with their peak incidence during the early spring season
• Similarly, upper respiratory tract infections show an increase during the winter season and GIT infections have a seasonal rise during the summer months
• The seasonal variation in disease occurrence can be attributed to changes in environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, rainfall, overcrowding, etc.

Question 21. Critical pH.
Answer:

Critical pH

• Critical pH represents the demineralization-remineralization cycle
• At a critical pH of 5.5 or below
  • Hydrogen ions (H+) react with the phosphate group present in the oral cavity
  • Results in the formation of hypophosphate
  • Due to this, hydroxyapatite crystals dissolve and are termed dimerization
• At neutral pH
  • With adequate presence of calcium and phosphorous, dissolution is inhibited

Question 22. Newburgh Kingston study.
Answer:

Newburgh Kingston study

• On May 2nd, 1945, sodium fluoride was added to the drinking water of Newburg on the Hudson River
• Kingston town was the control
• After 10 years of fluoridation, Ast et al in 1956 reported that the DMF rate had fallen from 23.5% to 13.9%
• Newburgh Kingston thus confirmed the caries inhibitory property of fluoride in drinking water

Question 23. Prevalence of HIV.
Answer:

Prevalence of HIV

• Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV
• Prevalence of HIV is the number of persons living with HIV at a given time regardless of the time of infection, whether the person has received a diagnosis or the stage of HIV disease
• The HIV prevalence rate in India is less than in numerous other countries
• During the 1990s, HIV infection rates rose like an epidemic affecting every Indian society
• A rise of 0.1% of the population adds more than half a million HIV patients
• The north-east and south of India have high HIV rates

Question 24. Customs and habits.
Answer:

Customs:

• Customs refers to practices that have been repeated by a number of generations, practices that tend to be followed simply because they have been followed in the past
• They have a traditional, automatic, mass character

Customs Habits:

• Customs Habits is defined as the tendency towards an act that has become a repeated performance, relatively fixed, consistent and easy to perform by an individual
• Customs Habits is a purely personal affair, not entailing any obligation
• Example: Smoking a cigarette after dinner

Question 25. Blanket referral.
Answer:

Blanket referral

• Blanket referral is an effective program in many schools
• Blanket referral consists of the referral of all children to their family dentists
• In this program, all children are given referral cards to take home and subsequently to the dentist who signs the cards on completion of examination, treatment, or both
• The signed cards are then returned to the school nurse or classroom teacher