Class 10 Social Science

Chapter 7 Lifelines Of National Economy Long Questions And Answer

Question 1. “Indian road transportation is confronted with problems”. Justify the statement.

Answer:

Road transportation is economical for the transportation of smaller amounts of goods and few passengers over short and medium distances.

Though they are relatively cheap and easy to construct and maintain, road transportation in India is confronted with a number of problems.

1. On account of its large population, India has a large volume of traffic and passengers which requires a large number of vehicles. However, the road network is not adequate to meet the requirement of handling heavy traffic.
2. As most roads are kuccha or unmetalled, their usage is limited during the rainy season. The potholes on roads from muddy pools in the accidents.
3. There are still more national highways to be built to connect the different parts of the country.
4. The roads in the cities are highly congested and traffic jams are a constant problem. Most of the bridges and culverts are also old and narrow aggravating the problem.
5. Roadside amenities like emergency medical facilities, telephone booths, etc., are lacking.
6. Police patrolling on the highways is not adequate. So, goods and passengers are not safe at times.

Question 2. Discuss the importance of tourism in India.

Answer:

Tourism has great importance in the economy and cultural development of India. It promotes national integration. It makes us aware of the beauty and rich cultural heritage of our nation.

It promotes inter-regional relationships. Tourism encourages cultural pursuits and provides support to local handicrafts. It helps in the development of international understanding. Tourism is considered to be an invincible trade.

India’s natural beauty, diversity, and glorious past attract innumerable visitors to India every year. Overseas holidayers and travelers have awarded India the fourth rank among the best holiday destinations in the world.

Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, cultured tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, medical tourism, and business tourism. Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades.

Foreign tourists’ arrivals in the country witnessed an increase of 23.5% during the year 2004 as against the year 2005. Thus, tourism has contributed ₹ 21,828 crore of foreign exchange.

The trend is towards the increase of foreign tourism and foreign exchange. Tourism also plays a major role in employment generation.

More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry and many more are indirectly connected to it. There is a bright future for the Tourism Industry in India.

Question 3. Write a short note on:

1. Personal written communication
2. Telecom network of India.
   or
   What are the various means of communication? Explain under different heads.

Answer:

• Personal written communication: Personal written communication is handled by the Indian postal network. Cards and envelopes are considered first-class mail and book packets, registered newspapers, and periodicals are called second-class mail.
  • The first class mail is airlifted while the second class mail is carried by surface transport. For quick delivery of mail in cities and large towns, six mail channels have been introduced.
  • They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel, and Periodical Channel.
• Telecom network of India: India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia. It has about 37,565 telephone exchanges spread all over the country.
  • Apart from the towns and cities, more than two-thirds of the villages have already been covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) provisions to extend 24-hour STD facility to all villages.
  • It has been possible by integrating development in Space Technology with Communication Technology.
  • A number of private companies have entered the field of telecommunication and this has resulted in the availability of better facilities to the customers.

Question 4. Why is Road Transport more useful than Rail Transport in India?
Or
“Road transport is considered more useful as compared to rail transport”. Give reasons.

Answer:

Road transport is more useful than Railways on account of the following reasons:

1. Construction and maintenance of roads is much lower than the Railways.
2. Roads can traverse comparatively much dissected and undulating topography.
3. They can negotiate higher gradients of slope and can traverse mountainous
   regions such as the Himalayas. They can reach remote villages and hilly
   regions where Railway tracts cannot be constructed.
4. Roads provide door-to-door service. Thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
5. Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transportation. For example, they provide a link between Railway stations, Airports, and Seaports.
6. They link the villages, towns, and cities to the Railways. They provide linkage between ports markets, and trading centres.

Question 5. How do physical and economic factors influence the distribution pattern of the Indian railways network? Explain with suitable examples.

Answer:

The distribution pattern ofthe railway network in India has been greatly influenced by physical and economic factors.

1. Level lands of the Northern Plains of India with a high density of population, rich agricultural resources, and greater industrial activity have favoured the development of railways in this region. The regions, therefore, have the densest network of railways in India.
2. The rugged terrain areas of the Himalayan mountain region in the north and north-eastern States with sparse populations and lack of economic opportunities are unfavorable for the construction of railway lines and railway networks.
3. Sparsely populated sandy deserts of Rajasthan, hilly contiguous tracts of the Sahyadri swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and Jharkhand, frequently flooded floodplains of Bihar and Assam have posed great difficulty in laying of railway lines.
4. On account of the economic importance of the region, the Konkan Railways were developed in recent times along the west coast despite problems of sinking of tracks, landslides, and the need for the construction of tunnels.

Question 6. What are the merits of pipeline transport in India?

Answer:

pipelines are used for the transportation of crude oil, petroleum products, and Natural gas. The merits of pipeline transportation in India are as follows:

1. Pipelines help in the growth of refineries, petrochemicals, fertiliser factories, and big thermal power plants by providing raw materials directly from producing areas to the factories and plants.
2. Pipelines can take petroleum and natural gas to places far off from the oil and gas fields. They help in setting up refineries in far inland locations to cater to the demands of markets inland. The refineries of Barauni, Mathura, and Panipat were possible due to the development of pipelines.
3. The initial cost of laying the pipelines may be high but subsequent running costs are nominal.
4. Pipelines transport petroleum and natural gas directly from producing areas to demand areas, hence, they rule out trans-shipment losses and delays.

Question 7. Explain why is air transport preferred in the north-eastern States of India.
Or
Why is air travel preferred in northeastern states?

Answer:

The air transport is preferred in the north-eastern regions of India because of the following reasons:

1. The northeastern part of the country is marked by the presence of difficult hilly and mountainous terrain, dissected relief, a large number of rivers, dense forests, heavy rainfall, and frequent floods.
2. International frontiers also mark this region.
3. Air transport is the best mode of travel in these areas as airways can negotiate over geographical obstacles and political boundaries with great ease.
4. Roads and railways cannot be properly laid out in such difficult terrain, and heavy rainfall and frequent floods disrupt all other modes of transportation. Air transport is the only means of transportation in such situations.
5. They can access remote and inaccessible areas in these northeastern states. They are the fastest and most comfortable means of transport. Domestic airlines have made special provisions to extend air service to the northeastern states at subsidized rates to meet the requirements of the common people.

So, the airways are also within the financial reach of the common people in this region. On account of all these factors, airways are the preferred mode of transportation in the northeastern states ofIndia.

Question 8. “Rail transport is the most convenient means of transportation”. Why?

Answer:

Railways can transport a large number of goods and passengers over long distances at an economical cost. Hence, Railways are the most convenient means of transport in the vast Northern Plains of India.

The flat terrain, dense population, rich agricultural resources, and greater industrial activity have favored the development of railways in the Northern Plains of India.

Therefore, this region has transport networks. Railways have accelerated the development of industry and agriculture in this region by providing quick availability of raw materials and distributing the finished products to the market.

Question 9. Discuss the significance of National Highways and Border Roads.

Answer:

• The National Highways are the primary route systems of India. They link extreme parts of the country and provide connectivity between the different states of India.
  • They have been planned to meet the requirements of fast movements of traffic in the country. A good number of major NHs run in NorthSouth and East-West directions.
  • They connect most ofthe important towns and cities of the country. The NHs are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).
• The Border Roads are vital roads linked along the frontiers ofIndia. These Border Roads are of strategic importance. They have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrains, mainly in the northern and northeastern border areas.
• They have played a major role in the economic development of these areas. The Border Roads Organisation, a government of India undertaking, was established in 1960 to build border roads.
• The Organisation is in charge of the construction and maintenance of these roads.

Question 10. What social values are promoted by tourism?

Answer:

Tourism not only is helpful in developing the economy of a region but also promotes social values like support for local handicrafts, cultural pursuits, and national integration.

It generates care, and concern about the environment, culture, and heritage. Tourism also develops love and concern for fellow countrymen and international understanding.

Question 11. Outline the values that the means of transport and communication help in developing among the people.

Answer:

The means of transport and communication help in developing the following values among the people:

1. Respect for unity in diversity cultural and ethnic.
2. Develops love and concern for fellow countrymen.
3. National integration.
4. Dignity and respect for national property.

Question 12. What values among users will help in the maintenance of railway property?

Answer:

Take care of national property.

Sense of collective responsibility

Chapter 6 Political Parties Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Discuss the impacts of regional political parties in India.

Answer:

The Positive Impact Of Regional Political Parties Is Reflected In The Following:

1. It has extended the scope of decentralisation of powers or power sharing.
2. These parties are more in touch with regional ground realities.
3. These parties have created public awareness towards politics and partisanship.
4. These parties have made the electoral process more competitive.

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The Negative Impact Of Regional Political Parties Is Reflected In The Following:

1. Regional political parties are bound to affect the unity and integrity of a nation.
2. Many of the regional political parties do not hesitate to encourage violence or
   pursue violent means and methods to achieve their goals.
3. Abundant use of money and muscle power can be witnessed in regional politics.

Question 2. Write a brief history and ideology Communist Party of India (CPI).
Or
When was CPIformed? Mention the ideologies of that party.

Answer:

CPI was formed in 1925 and believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy. It opposed the forces of secessionism and communalism.

• Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers and poor.
• Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 which led to the formation of the CPI(M).
• It has a significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 14% of votes and seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections.
• It advocates the coining together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Currently supports UPA government from outside.

Question 3. Political parties are visible institutions in a democracy. Explain the statement.

Answer:

1. For an ordinary citizen, democracy is equal to political parties.
2. Many people may not know about the nature of our government or about our constitution. But they may know about political parties.
3. Some educated people blame political parties for all that is wrong with our political life or democratic system.
4. Some parties have been identified with social and political divisions.
5. Some parties identify themselves with a political party to express their
   ideas.
6. Some people believe that a political party is a platform to serve the nation.

Question 4. State description of the programme and policy of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Answer:

Programmes and policies. According to the election manifesto four policies and programmes of the Bhartiya Janta Party are as follows:

• It has declared its belief in positive secularism aimed at Sarva Dharma Sama
  Bhava.
• It will make freedom of the press, an explicit fundamental right and not just an
  implied one.
• It promised to introduce compulsory voting as well as the state funding of
  elections.
• The All India Radio and Doordarshan will be fully autonomous bodies. Bharatiya Janta Party wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values.
• Cultural nationalism (or Hindutva) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics as it wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India and a uniform civil code across the country irrespective of religion, caste and creed. It is in staunch opposition to religious conversions.

Question 5. Why do we need political parties in modern democracies?

Answer:

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for society with a view to promoting the collective good.

• Political parties are one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.
• We need political parties to contest elections to put forward different policies and programmes to play a decisive role in making laws that act as a watchdog on the functions of the government. Imagine a situation, that would happen if there had been no political parties.
• Every candidate would contest the elections independently. There would be no value-based or ideology-based organised group to make the important decisions concerning the whole country.
• Decisions would be made according to the whims of one person only. The government would not be steady. The election process would be very complicated as there would be many candidates in the election fray.
• Political parties have their own ideologies, policies and programmes for the nation and the society. They have a vision before them. They discuss the various issues facing the country and deliberate deeply on policies they would implement if voted to power.
• Political parties inform the people about the workings of the party in power. They criticise the wrong and anti-people policies of the government, highlight the failure of the ruling party and suggest remedies for the welfare of the masses.
• Political parties reach the common man. They act as a link between the government and the people. They put forth the demands of the people to the government. They also keep abreast the people of the activities and programmes of the government and their impact on the masses.

Question 6. Distinguish between a national and a state party.
Or
What is the difference between National level and State level political parties? Also, give examples.

Answer:

National Party:

1. A party that secures at least 6% of total votes in Lok Shabha elections.
2. A party that wins at least four seats in the assembly elections (Lok Sabha), Example., Congress, BJP, BSP, CPI and CPI (M)

State Party:

1. A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of the state.
2. A party that wins at least two seats in the concerned state, Example.,
   • Punjab- Shiromani Akali Dal
   • Andhra Pradesh- Telugu Desam Party
   • Nagaland- Nagaland People Front

Question 7. Political parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Explain how?

Answer:

1. The main aim of a political party is to contest elections and capture power.
2. They make policies and programmes for society with a view to promoting the
   collective good.
3. They try to impress the people through their policies in what way they are
   better than others.
4. Always a competition exists between the political parties for capturing power.
5. Some parties criticise the others through debate, conducting rallies, etc.
6. Sometimes they also indulge in conflicts.

Question 8. Why is one party system not good for democracy? 
Or
“One party system is not good for democracy ” Explain.

Answer:

In the uni-party system, there is only one party in the political system. People are not allowed to criticise the government and form their own new parties. Voters do not have any option at the time of election. They can either say yes or not vote at all for the party.

However, this system is against democracy which allows everybody to express his opinion. The uni-party system is like a dictatorship where people have to follow all the policies of the government.

People do not enjoy full rights and freedom. They are not allowed the freedom of thought and expression and the freedom to criticise government policies.

Question 9. What do you mean by the lack ofinternal democracy in the political system?

Answer:

• Lack ofinternal democracy is one ofthe big challenges within political parties. All through the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
• Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly.
• They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions. As a result, the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
• Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party.
• More than loyal to party principles and policies, personal loyality to the leaders becomes more important.

Question 10. What do you mean by an alliance or a front? Explain with reference to a political
system.

Answer:

1. In a multi-party system, many political parties contest the election. They join together for the purpose of contesting elections as an alliance or a front.
2. For example, in 2004 Lok Sabha election there were three major alliances.
   • The National Democratic Alliance.
   • The United Progressive Alliance
   • The Left Front.

Question 11. When and by whom was the BahujanSamajParty formed1? Mention the major policies and programmes.

Answer:

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was formed in 1984 by Kanshi Ram.

Policies:

1. It wants to represent and secure power for the Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities.
2. It mainly works for the interest and welfare of the dalits, and oppressed people.

Chapter 8 Challenges To Democracy Long Answer Questions

Question 1. How is communalism a hindrance in the way of democracy in our country? What are its remedies’?

Answer:

Communalism means considering one’s own religion superior to that of others and hating others’ religions. This type of feeling is a big hindrance in the way of democracy in our country due to the following reasons:

1. Communalism results in riots and breach of peace. Democracy cannot function well under such circumstances.
2. Communalism gives rise to hatred and differences which harm the unity of the country. It becomes a danger to democracy.
3. Democracy has its basis in tolerance, liberty, inequality, and fraternity.

Remedies:

1. Through education, the students should be taught about tolerance and to have respectful feelings for other religious opinions.
2. People should be told the importance of tolerance, equality, and fraternity through the press, the radio, the television, the cinema, and the national leaders.

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Question 2. Which things sustain democracy in India?

Answer:

India is the biggest democracy in the world. In spite of wide disparity and diversity in terms of religions and seats, languages spoken and regional imbalances, the country has remained one nation. This is mainly due to the absorbing traits of Indian culture, the spirit of tolerance, and the democratic setup of government.

• Our constitution gives equal rights and freedom to every citizen. Our country is a secular state which doesn’t differentiate between two men on the basis of religion or sex.
• The state makes no discrimination in public sector employment on the basis of sex, religion, or language and in admission to educational institutions.
• We have adopted a universal adult franchise which gives every adult citizen the right to vote. Thus our constitution empowers citizens to elect their representatives to form and run the government.
• Caste and communal-based politics is a legal offense. Untouchability has been abolished.
• There is a reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and other backward classes in parliament, state assemblies, and educational institutions in local bodies. Seats are also reserved for women candidates.
• Our press and mass media are free. There is a freedom of speech and expression.
• There is a rule of law and all are equal in the eyes of the law.
• Everyone can aspire for the highest office in the country.

Question 3. Suggest some measures to deepen democracy in India.
Or
Write some measures to deepen democracy in India.

Answer:

Democracy and our Constitution guarantee certain rights and freedoms to every citizen. Every citizen is equal in the eyes of the law of the land. To deepen democracy in the country, institutions that involve people’s participation and control over the government need to be strengthened. For this government has taken the following measures:

Educating The Citizens: This is one of the most important steps in the direction of deepening democracy in the country. Educated citizens are the greatest assets and resources for a democratic country.

Education brings qualitative change in the citizens and enables them to use better knowledge and other tools to deepen democracy. This improves productivity in the work field, increases national and per capita income, and brings awareness about the political rights and duties and how to exercise them.

Fundamental Rights: These guard citizens’ rights and make them secure. These rights cannot be taken away by any government. These rights deepen the spirit of faith and trust in the constitution of India.

Freedom Of The Press: Our press and mass media are free. Our press is free to shape public opinion by giving genuine news and views on all issues concerning the country. It makes people aware of the happening in the country as well as abroad and keeps them informed about them.

Democracy recognizes the freedom of speech and information and allows people to form opinions even if they are against the government or the ruling party.

Question 4. Suggest some measures for political reforms to be taken in India to strengthen democracy.
Or
Mention some of the guidelines that can be kept in mind while using ways and means for political reforms in India.

Answer:

• We need carefully devised changes in existing laws which would help to discourage wrong political parties and encourage good ones. But simply legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy.
• Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements, and politically conscious citizens.
• Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes results may be counterproductive however, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give actors incentives to do good things have more chance of working.
• The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms, for example, the Right to Information Act is a good law. Such a law helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that ban corruption and impose strict penalties.
• Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Hence, the main focus of political reforms should be on the way to strengthen democratic practice. Moreover, the quality of political participation must be improved.
• Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.
• It is also very wise to think that the legislative will pass legislations that go against the interests of all the political parties and MPs. But measures that rely on democratic movements, citizen organizations, and the media are likely to succeed.

Question 5. What role can an ordinary citizen play in deepening democracy?

Answer:

• No democracy can function in the absence of socially responsible and informed citizens.
• Citizens must learn how to tolerate the differences and views of all others who disagree with them. That is, the citizens must accept the principle of mutual tolerance and dissent.
• Citizens must act with a sense of discipline and responsibility. They have a right to express their dissent. They must express their grievance through channels provided by the democratic system.
• Citizens must participate and seek to influence the public opinion. This can happen only when they are well-informed on civic matters.
• Citizens must exercise their right to vote. This provides a direction for the whole democratic process.

Question 6. What measures have been taken for the upliftment of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes? Describe any three of them.

Answer:

1. Some seats are reserved in the schools and colleges.
2. Some constituencies of the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies are reserved for the scheduled caste candidates.
3. Some jobs under the government are reserved for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.

Question 7. Describe the main provisions contained in the constitution of India for the protection of the interests of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India.

Answer:

The Constitution of free India, which came into force in January 1950 guarantees some provisions for the welfare, security, and development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The main provisions are given below:

1. The Constitution ends discrimination on the basis of caste, religion race, or sex. It gives the right of entry and use of every place like shops, temples, wells, and places of entertainment to every Indian without any discrimination (Article 15(2)).
2. The Constitution abolished untouchability in any form. Practice preaching of untouchability is a punishable offense (Article 17).
3. The Constitution provides protection to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes from any type of social and economic exploitation (Article 40).
4. For the welfare of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, the government will have the right to reserve vacancies in the government (Articles 16 and 335).

Question 8. Discuss the regional imbalance in India.
Or
There is a regional imbalance in India. Justify the statement.

Answer:

• With a population of about 1200 million, India is the world’s second most populous country after China. In terms of area, it is the seventh biggest country in the world. In spite of best efforts to reduce the regional disparity, there are still several regions in the country that are economically backward while some areas are economically quite well off.
• The eastern states, hilly areas, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, etc., are economically backward. On the other hand, the northern states, western states, and southern states are economically rich.
• There is a wide gap and disparity in the income level of the poor and the rich and between the urban and the rural population.
• The difference in the availability of natural resources and the lack of infrastructural facilities such as roads, water, electricity, banking, and communication also contribute to the regional imbalance.

Question 9. What are the broad guidelines to be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India?

Answer:

Broad guidelines for political reforms:

1. As legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome the challenge to democracy, democratic reforms need to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements, and politically conscious citizens.
2. Any legal change must be carefully looked at, i.e., what results it will have on politics, generally laws seeking to ban something are rather counter-productive.
   • For example, many states have debarred people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This has resulted in a denial of democratic opportunity to many poor women, which was not intended.
   • The best laws are those that empower people to carry out democratic reforms, For Example., the Right to Information Act acts as a watchdog of democracy by controlling corruption.
3. Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political parties. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by the ordinary citizens.
4. Any proposal for political reforms should consider not only what is a good solution but also who will implement it and how measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens’ organizations, and media are likely to succeed.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science Chapter 7 Out comes of Democracy

Question 1. Describe the principal characteristic of dictatorship.

Answer:

Dictatorship means rule by one man or by a few. In a dictatorship, all the power of the state is concentrated in one man or a group of men.

• All the decisions are made and no one can question his authority. His dictate is a law and all have to follow his orders, whether they like it or not.
• No constitution: In countries run by dictators, there is no set of fundamentals that define the distribution of one-man rules governing the politics of the nation or governmental power.
• There is no freedom of speech and expression, freedom of the press or electronic media, and no freedom to form assemblies, unions, etc. People are not supposed to disagree with the government. All the decisions are taken by a dictator and all the citizens are expected to follow them.
• Monopolization of power: In a dictatorship, all powers are vested and concentrated
  in one person who directs all the powers and policies as well as programs
  for the society. People’s views, interests, and opinions are disregarded altogether.
• Complete control of media: In a dictatorship, mass media has no freedom.
  They can’t say or publish any material against the government or the dictator.
  Strict censorship is exercised over the print and electronic media.

Question 2. Democracy is the rule of the majority. The poor are in the majority. So democracy must be a rule of the poor. How can this not be the case?

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Answer:

1. Democracy is a rule of the majority means that it is ruled by majority views.
2. Rule by majority does not mean rule by majority in terms of religion, race, linguistic groups, poor or rich.
3. It means that in the case of every decision or in the case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority.
4. So, to say that democracy must be a rule of the poor will give rise to a further division of society on a different line and lead to conflict.
5. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of
   being in the majority at some point in time.

Question 3. “Democracy promotes dignity and freedom of the citizen (individual)”. Explain the statement.
Or
State examples show that democracy promotes the dignity and freedom of the citizens.

Answer:

1. The passion for respect and freedom is the basis of democracy. This principle
   has been achieved at various levels in various democracies.
2. In the case of the dignity of women, most societies across the world were historically male-dominated.
3. It is possible in a democratic government that equality in gender is ensured.
4. In India, the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated against have been accepted. Reservation of seats for SCs/STs and OBCs in educational institutions and government jobs shows that the weaker sections are protected.
5. Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.
6. Most individuals today believe that their votes make a difference, i.e., the
   government runs according to their wishes.

Question 4. ‘Not so many would be satisfied with the democracy in practice’. Support your answer.

Answer:

1. Democracy seems to be good in principle but not in practice. It means the
   principles are in favour of the people but in practice they do not enjoy the same.
2. The economic growth rate in democratic regimes is less when compared to those in other forms of government (Dictatorship).

For example, The data collected between 1950 and 2000 shows that the growth in all democratic regimes was 3.95%, but in all dictatorial regimes, it was 4.42%.

Question 5. What are the different characteristics and aspects of democracy? 

Answer:

1. Democracy means “rule by the people”.
2. All the citizens in a democracy take part in elections to elect their representatives who form the government and are accountable to the people for their actions and performance.
3. Every citizen is equal in the eyes of the law and has equal rights and freedom in the country. In a democracy, all the material resources are owned collectivity by the society. Besides, all the resources are evenly and widely distributed.

Distinct features, aspects, and characteristics of democracy. Political Aspect: Political democracy means political equality of all citizens without any discrimination on the grounds of sex, race religion, region, language, etc.

Everybody has the right to vote, to contest the election, and to take part in the formation of government directly or indirectly. Besides equality in the eyes of the law of the land, democracy as a form of government has the following features.

• Elections should be held regularly: More than one party contests the elections.
• Elections should be held on the basis of universal adult franchise.
• There should be freedom of speech, expression, assembly, and freedom of press
  (print media) and electronic media.
• Separation and division of power between the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

Social aspect: It means equality, unity, and harmony in the society. Everyone should have equal access to the material resources of the society without any discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, region, or language and no community should be given any preference over other religions or communities. The government should take measures to uplift all sections of society.

Economic Aspect: It means equal economic status for all citizens. No gap or little gap between the rich and the poor. Equal distribution of income among all the people. Balanced economic development of all regions.

Question 6. What factors sustain democracy in India?
Or
How is the democratic system in India? State reasons.

Answer:

The following factors sustain democracy in India:

1. Democracy is liked by almost all Indians It is based on the principles of equality, freedom, and brotherhood.
2. To achieve the prescribed goals (secularism, socialism, democratic, republic
   national unity and international security, etc.) the formers of the Indian
   constitution revived completely on the norms of democracy.
3. The formers of the Indian constitution provided for a representative democracy
   in a liberal framework.

Question 7. Mention any three conditions which are necessary in order to achieve a positive outcome in democracy.

Answer:

• Accommodation of social diversity can lead to a peaceful and harmonious life among
  citizens.
• Democracy is not simply a rule by majority opinion (like “majoritarianism” in
  Sri Lanka). Minority opinion should also be considered like in Belgium.
• It is also necessary that rule by the majority does not become rule by the majority
  community in terms of religion language race, etc.

Question 8. Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting the dignity and freedom of the individual. Explain.

Answer:

The people prefer a democratic form of government over any other form due to the
following reasons:

1. Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
2. It promotes freedom to elect or reject the government.
3. It promotes the freedom of political parties or organizations.
4. It guarantees public opinion.
5. It enhances the dignity of the individuals.
6. It improves the quality of decision-making.
7. It also provides a method to resolve conflicts or variations.
8. It enables us to correct failures or mistakes, etc.

Question 9. “Democracy provides a base for the accommodation of social diversity.” Explain.

Answer:

1. It will be a fair expectation of the citizens that democracy should produce a harmonious social life.
2. Democracy accommodates various social divisions. In the case of Belgium, it is in the form of power-sharing between logistics groups.
3. India had a coalition form of government in the past decade where many political parties agreed to form a government.
4. Democracy emphasizes both majority and minority opinion in the decision¬ making process.

Question 10. What is the accountability of democratic government?

Answer:

The accountability of the democratic government must be with its citizens. In fact, without this measure and important characteristics, no government can be called a democratic government.

If they are working according to public opinion keeping their interest in mind, I think they would do it. The citizens of the country can check on their representatives and they can ask about the policy, programs, laws, decisions projects, etc.

They can force the party in power to fulfill their declared agenda at the time of election. Even the opposition parties work keeping their responsibility towards the people or citizens because they also want to be popular or more popular day by day if they work keeping the public opinion and interest in their mind.

Question 11. Write three values each which differentiate between social and political democracy.

Answer:

Social Democracy

1. Claims for the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and
   equal opportunities.
2. Promotes equality among citizens.
3. Enhances the dignity of the individual.

Political Democracy

1. Ensures freedom of the citizens.
2. Leads to a peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.
3. Produces an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government.

Question 12. Describe the characteristics of liberal democracy.

Answer:

The following are the main characteristics of liberal democracy:

1. The government is formed by the elected representatives of citizens and is accountable and responsible to them.
2. More than one political parties compete for political power.
3. There are periodic elections based on universal adult franchise.
4. The competition for power is open and not secretive. It is not through open elections
   but through secret ballot papers.
5. Civil liberties such as freedom of speech, religion and association, etc., are guaranteed.
6. Pressure groups and other organized and unorganized groups are also allowed to operate in the system. They are also able to influence government decisions and policies.

Economics

• Chapter 1 Development
• Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy
• Chapter 3 Money And Credit
• Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy
• Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

Geography

• Chapter 1 Resources And Development
• Chapter 2 Forest And Wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Water Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Minerals And Energy Resources
• Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

History

• Chapter 1 The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe
• Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement In Indo-China
• Chapter 3 Nationalism In India
• Chapter 4 The Making Of A Global World
• Chapter 5 The Age Of Industrialisation
• Chapter 6 Work Life And Leisure Cities In The Contemporary World
• Chapter 7 Print Culture And The Modern World
• Chapter 8 Novels Society And History

Political Science

• Chapter 1 Power Sharing
• Chapter 2 Federalism
• Chapter 3 Democracy And Diversity
• Chapter 4 Gender Religion And Caste
• Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements
• Chapter 6 Political Parties
• Chapter 7 Out comes of Democracy
• Chapter 8 Challenges To Democracy

Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Long Answer and Questions

Question 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of WTO to the Indian economy? Mention any two.

Answer:

WTO Advantages:

1. It helped India to increase its foreign trade. Being a member of WTO, India has been able to expand its trade relations with 148 countries.
2. With the advent of WTO, new technology has arrived in India, which has caused rapid industrialization and improved the standard of living.

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WTO Disadvantages:

1. Developing countries like India have not been able to get much benefit from WTO but India’s share in the international market is very small.
2. The domestic market in India has differed a lot due to rising competition among the member countries of the WTO.

Question 2. Trace the events that led to democracy in Nepal.

Answer:

1. Nepal achieved democracy in 1990. King Birendra, who accepted the
   constitutional monarchy was killed in a mysterious family massacre.
2. After the death of King Birendra, Gyanendra became the new king of Nepal.
3. KingGryanendra did not accept the democratic rule and dissolved the popularly elected government in February 2005.
4. The people of Nepal started the second popular movement in 2006 that aimed at establishing a democratic government.

Question 3. “Democracy evolves through popular struggles.” Do you agree? Support your answer.
Or
Justify with three points that democracy evolves through popular struggle.
Or
It is said that ‘democracy evolves through popular struggles’. Explain the statement.

Answer:

Almost all Democracies that evolved so far have come across many struggles. Take the example of the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and also the independence of India, etc.

• It is also observed that conclusions evolved after conflicts and some significant decisions might be taken after it.
• Democracy usually involves conflict between two groups, i.e., those who are in power and those who want to change the power or want to have a share in the power.
• Whenever the country is going through some moments like transition to
  democracy, expansion of democracy, or deepening of democracy.
• Democracy conflict is generally resolved through mass mobilization.
• For example, the popular struggle in Nepal proved that the unity of political parties, and organizations and the active participation of the people resulted in the transfer of the monarchical government to a democratic government.

Question 4. Describe the mobilisation and organisation in about 120 words keeping in view the mobilisation activities of some organisations and groups in Nepal.

Answer:

Mobilization And Organization In Nepal: The call for indefinite stroke was given by the Seven Party Alliance in Nepal. These big parties had some members in the Parliament.

Besides this, it was joined by the Nepalese Communist Party (Maoist) which did not believe in Parliamentary democracy in Nepal. All the major labor unions and their federations including professionals of democracy joined the movement in Nepal.

The land allotted to the company should be canceled immediately, which should be given to local farmers as grazing land for their cattle. The farmers would use that land to grow such plants which would provide raw material for the paper industry. Its ownership should be with the government of Nepal and not with a private company.

Question 5. Write a short account of Bolivia’s water war.
Or
Discuss in brief Bolivia’s struggle for water.
Or
Write a note on Bolivia’s water war.

Answer:

• Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressured the government of this country to give up its control of the municipal water supply. The government sold their rights to the city of Cochabamba to a multinational company (MNC).
• The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people receive monthly water bills of  ₹ 100 in a country where the average income is around ₹ 5,000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
• In January 2000, a new alliance of labor, human rights, and community leaders organized a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened.

Question 6. Distinguish between sectional and public interest groups.

Answer:

• An interest group is one that attempts to promote or prevent changes in the policy of the government without getting elected or participating in the government.
• These groups work to promote a particular policy of the government that goes in their favor or oppose the policy of the government that goes against their interests.
• A sectional interest group is one that represents the interests of a particular section of society. They work and aim for the good of the members of their society.
• A public interest group is one that represents the interests of the entire society in general. Their activities aim at the welfare of all members of the society and not just a particular section of the society.
• Examples: An interest group that attempts to promote the interests of only a specific group (say workers group, peasants group, etc.) or a particular caste group (say Yadavs, Jats, Jains, Guptas, etc.) is called a sectional interest group.
• On the other hand, an interest group fighting against social evils (that affect everybody) that are plaguing society is a good example of a public interest group.

Question 7. Write the similarities between the popular movements of Nepal and Bolivia.

Answer:

Both movements involved popular struggles of mass mobilization where large number of people actively participated.

Both movements involved political parties and many organizations. For example, the Maoists supported the SPA in Nepal, and the FEDECOR organization was supported by the socialist party in Bolivia.

Question 8. Are you suggesting that strikes, dharnas, bandh, and demonstrations are a good thing? I thought it happened only in our country because we are not a mature democracy yet.

Answer:

1. Democracy evolves through struggle by the people of the country.
2. Strikes, dharna, bandh, and demonstrations are the democratic means of struggle. These are a good thing till used peacefully for a genuine democratic demand.
3. When strikes, dharna, demonstrations, etc., take place democratically in a country, it means the democracy is expanding and deepening its roots. Not only in our country, these happen in every democratic country. These things happen where and when the general will of the people is overlooked.

Question 9. Does it mean that whichever side manages to mobilize a bigger crowd gets away with whatever it wants? Are we saying that ‘Might is Right’ in a democracy?

Answer:

No, democracy is based on public opinion and necessarily means giving acceptance to the demands of the masses. It does not necessarily mean acceptance of their demands by the government.

In a democratic country, only those movements and struggles succeed whose demands are judicious and based on the demand of public welfare.

Question 10. How far the activities of the pressure groups are useful in the functioning of a Democratic Government?

Answer:

1. A pressure group is an organized or an unorganized body that seeks to promote
   its interests.
2. It is formed by people having common interests, occupations, and opinions.
3. They do not aim to attain power in the government. They just seek to promote their own interests.
4. It is argued that sectional interest groups are not good for democracy. They promote only the interests of their section and ignore the whole society in general.
5. Also, the pressure groups are not accountable to the people in general.

Question 5. Despite some differences, the story of the popular struggle ofNepal and the popular demand of Bolivia share some common features. Briefly point out the similarity of the both popular struggles.

Answer:

1. Both of these popular struggles are related to the foundation aspect and deepening
   of democracy in Nepal and Bolivia respectively.
2. The focused minds of people in both cases have shown their existence above all bureaucratic practices, for example, the monarchy’s repression-suppression tactics, and even above the international institution, i.e., the World Bank (as an agency of UNO) in the case of Bolivia.
3. Both cases involved mass mobilization.

Question 6. What are pressure groups? How are they different from political parties?

Answer:

Pressure group: It is a group of people who always work for the betterment of the public. The term ‘pressure groups’ refers to any interest group whose members share certain common attributes and do not make claims about the other groups and the political parties.

Question 7. Point out the differences between the characteristics and values of popular movements ofNepal and Bolivia which took place for democracy in both of these countries.
Or
Enlist the differences between the movement in Nepal and Bolivia.

Answer:

Movement of Nepal:

1. It was for achieving the foundational challenge of democracy,
2. It was a period of transition from monarchy to democracy,
3. It was led by the Party Alliance (SPA) and the communist party of Nepal.

Movement of Bolivia:

1. It was for achieving the challenge of fundamental rights of democracy,
2. It was a period of facing international uncivil pressure on democratic countries,
3. It was initiated by FEDECOR, or organization formed by local engineers professors, and environmentalists.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science Chapter 4 Gender Religion And Caste

Question 1. What are the main reasons for the great change in the caste system?

Or

“Over the past years, great changes have been observed in the caste system.” Justify.

Answer:

The great changes in the caste system are partly due to the efforts of political leaders and social reformers such as Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar, and Periyar Ramaswami and partly due to other socio-economic changes in castes and caste system in modem India.

With economic development, large-scale urbanization, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility, and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.

Now, most of the time, in urban areas, it does not matter much who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant. The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

If a person who lived a century ago were to return to India, would be greatly surprised at the change that has come about in the country.

Question 2. “It is not politics that gets caste hidden, it is the caste that gets politicized.” Comment.

Answer:

In India, politics do not ride on casteism but in reality, casteism dominates politics. It means casteism is more harmful than the political system. We arguments:

1. There are certain pressure groups that are totally based on respective caste
   and they work and make political decisions only keeping in view the favor and
   interest of their own class-fellows
2. There are certain political parties which are mainly supported by certain
   castes- only.
3. For example in Tamil Nadu AIADMK is mainly a political party of Brahmans while the DMK is a political party of non-Brahmans. Similarly, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) is considered a political party of Dalits mainly
4. All political parties choose their candidates to contest elections; keeping in view
   the total number of voters of caste.
5. Voters cast their votes keeping in mind their own caste.
6. Even ministers are appointed on the basis of caste.

Question 3. Is the caste system coming to an end? Explain.

Answer:

It is right that the caste system is declining but has not come to an end. It is so because of the fact that caste system is deeply rooted in our society and cannot be eradicated very easily.

People still prefer to adopt the occupation of their family or caste. Even in the modern age, people hesitate to marry out of their caste; instead, they like to within their caste. They never like to keep relations with the people of lower castes.

All of these are the main features of the caste system In other words, the caste system has not come to an end but is strengthening its position. Even politicians. are using the caste system as the main weapon in winning the elections. So caste system has lost its importance to a great extent socially but has not come to an end politically.

Question 4. What is gender division? How has it shaped politics?
Or
How does gender division shape politics? Explain in your own words.

Answer:

Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division. It is generally understood as natural and unchangeable and is based on social expectations. Although women constitute half of humanity, their role in public life, especially politics is minimal in most societies because of gender division.

Earlier only men participated in public affairs, voted, and contested for public offices. Gradually, the gender issue was raised in politics. There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women.

These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career prospects. In Norway, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Many radical women’s movements, women’s organizations, and activists have been demanding more women to control power by having more women as elected representatives. Panchayati Raj in India has reserved one-third of seats for women in local government bodies.

Question 5. What is the status of women in politics?
Or
Describe the status of women in politics.

Answer:.

India is among the bottom group of nations in the world in women’s representation in politics. India is behind the averages of several developing countries in Africa and Latin America.

One way to solve this problem is to make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. That is what Panchayati Raj has done in India. One-third of the seats in the local governments are now reserved for women.

Women’s organisations have been demanding similar reservations of at least one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for women A bill with this proposal has been pending before the Parliament for more than a decade This bill has not yet been passed

Question 6. What are the provisions of the Equal Wage Act?

Answer:

The Equal Wage Act was enacted to provide equal status to women. It provides
that equal wages should be paid to equal opportunities be provided to both men and women.

However,in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.

Question 7. If Casteism and Communalism are bad, what makes feminism a good thing? Why don’t we oppose all those who divide society on any lines, caste, religion, or gender?

Answer:

Students can express their feelings in favor or against the topic. Given below is the view of an unknown individual. Casteism and Communalism are not good, because they are a hindrance in the working of democracy.

Feminism is considered good because it aims to secure equal rights for both men and. Caste is fixed by birth. A person cannot change their, or her caste until his are woman her death.

Question 8. What is the basis of gender division in society?

Answer:.

This is a form of hierarchical social division seen everywhere in most countries. It is rarely recognized in the study of politics. It is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.

Question 9. What are the gains of feminist movements that helped women in raising their status?

Answer:

These movements have helped women in improving their role in public life. Now we find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers, and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for them.

Question 10. What are the reasons for the decline of the caste system?

Answer:

1. Social Reform Movement: Many social reform movements were started in the
   19th century like Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, etc., they always preached
   against the caste system.
   • The leaders of these reform movements were Swami Dayanand, Swami Vivekanand, Jyotiba Phule, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Mahatma Gandhi, etc., who denounced the caste system which led to the decline of
     the importance of the caste system.
2. Modern education: In earlier times, religious education was important and only higher castes could take advantage. However, with the spread of modern education, religious education came to an end.
   • Everyone could avail of education which ended discrimination. Now people are aware of their rights and the eminence of the caste system has broken down.
3. Advent Of Many New Occupations: Earlier people opted for the hereditary
   occupation. However, due to industrialization and modernization, new occupations came into being. People started to adopt occupations leaving their ancestral occupations which led to the decline of the caste system.

Question 11. I don’t care what my caste is. Why are we discussing all this in the textbook? Are not promoting casteism by talking about caste?

Answer:

Casteism has influenced Indian society. Politics is also under its influence. It has affected the working of democracy. By discussing casteism’s impacts, measures can be suggested to reduce its influence. We are not promoting casteism by talking about it. Some measures are suggested to reduce its influence through textbooks.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Minerals And Energy Resources Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. Name the two varieties of iron ore in India that have a high content of iron. Mention the names of places in India which have the richest iron ore deposits. Explain two effects on our economy due to the export of good quality ores in large quantities.

Answer:

The two varieties of iron ore ofIndia having high iron content are magnetite and haematite.

Magnetite is the finest quality iron ore with a very high iron content of upto 70 percent.

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Haematite has an iron content of 50 to 60 per cent but is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used.

Rich iron-ore deposits are found in the following regions of India:

1. Odisha-Jharkhnnd bolt with high-grade haematite iron ore in Badampahar mines in the Mayurhhanj and Kooi or her districts of Odisha, and Goa and Noamundi in the Singhbhum district of.Jharkhand.
2. Durg-Bastar Chandrapur holt in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra with superhigh grade haematite iron ore, in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.
3. Bellary Chitradurga Chikmaglur Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats are known to be one of the largest deposits in the world.
4. Maharashtra-Goa belt includes Ratnagiri and Chandrapur in Maharashtra, and Bicholiam and Pali in Goa.

About half of the iron ore produced in the country is exported primarily to Japan, Korea, European countries and Gulf countries.

Paradip, Vishakhapatnam, Mangalore and Marmagao are the main iron exporting ports. The export of good quality ores in large quantities has positive as well as negative effects.

The export of the ore earns huge quantities of foreign exchange which is imperative for development activities.

The export of good quality ores has a negative effect on industrial production within the country which lags in the production of iron and steel in spite of having good reserves of iron ore.

Question 2. What are the differences between hydroelectricity and thermal electricity? What is nuclear electricity?
Or
Write five differences between hydroelectricity and thermal electricity.

Answer:

Hydroelectricity and thermal electricity are two main forms of commercial conventional sources of energy.

The main points of difference between these two types of energy sources are as follows :

Nuclear electricity or atomic energy: It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms of minerals like uranium and thorium.

When such atomic alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. Hydroelectricity is produced by falling water from a great height on the turbines.

Question 3. Name the ore from which aluminium is obtained. Why is aluminium considered to be an important metal? Name the areas which have rich deposits of the ore of aluminium.

Answer:

Aluminium is obtained mainly from bauxite. Though several ores contain aluminium, it is from bauxite, a reddish-brown, residual clay-like substance, that alumina and later aluminium are obtained.

Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Aluminium is considered to be an important metal because of its properties and a wide variety of uses.

1. It combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness. Soit is used for the manufacturing of aircraft and transport vehicles.
2. It has great malleability. It is used for construction purposes to make doors, windows, rods and for making utensils.
3. It also has a quality of good conductivity and is used in electrical conductors. Rich deposits of bauxite, the ore of aluminium, are found mainly in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Balaspur-Katni in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

Odisha is the leading producer accounting for about 45 per cent of the total bauxite production in the country. Panchpatnali deposits in Koraput are an important bauxite reserve in Odisha.

Question 4. State the facts about coal found in India about the following:

1. Its total reserves
2. Its importance as a source of energy and as a source of raw material its main varieties

Answer:

Coal is the most abundantly available and important fossil fuel in India.

1. Total reserves of coal: India has a coal reserve of about 2,14,000 million tonnes.
   • They occur in the rock series of two main geological ages, the Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age, and in Tertiary deposits which are about 55 million years old.
2. It is important as a source of energy and as a source of raw material.
   • Coal is the main source of power generation in India. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs for both industries and domestic purposes.
   • It is the prime source of energy in the manufacturing of iron and steel. Coal is also used as a raw material for the chemical industry.
3. Its main varieties are:
   • Anthracite: Highest quality hard coal with more than 80% carbon content.
   • Bituminous: The most popular coal for commercial use with 60 to 80% carbon content.
   • Lignite: Low-grade brown coal with high moisture content and lesser combustible matter with about 60% content.
   • Peat: Produced from decaying plants in swamps with low carbon content of less than 50%, high moisture content and low heating capacity

Question 5. How is jyctrolcum an important source of both energy and raw material? Mention the ofthe areas which have rich petroleum deposits.

Answer:

Petroleum or mineral oil is a major energy source in India. It provides fuel for heating and lighting. It is used as a fuel for running automobiles, trains, aeroplanes and ships.

Petroleum is used for the generation of thermal electricity which is a major source of power for commercial purposes.

A number of products are obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum which are used as raw materials for various industries.

Chemical fertilisers, insecticides, and chemicals and plastics are manufactured from petrochemicals. It also provides raw materials for synthetic textile and synthetic rubber industries.

About 63% of India’s petroleum production comes from the drilling areas of Mumbai High and Bassien in the Arabian Sea.

Aliabet is another oilfield off-shore on the coast of Gujarat. 18% of petroleum production comes from Gujarat.

Ankaleshwar and Kalol are important oilfields in this region. 16% ofthe production comes from Assam. Assam is the oldest oil-producing state.

Oil was first discovered in Makum in Assam in 1867 and the first oilfield was drilled at Digboi. Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran-Hugrijan, and Sibsagar are important oilfields of Assam.

Oil has also been discovered in the Kaveri, Krishna and Godavari basins and at Jwalamukhi in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 6. What is the difference between an open-pit mine, a quarry and an underground mine with shafts?
Or
How is open-pit mining different from a quarry?

Answer:

Open-pit mining refers to a method of extracting rocks or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful minerals or rocks are found near the surface, that is, where the overburden (surface material covering the valuable deposit) is relatively thin.

The layer above the seam is removed and the exposed deposit is extracted using earth.- moving machinery.

A quarry is generally used for extracting building materials, such as dimension stone.

A quarry is usually shallower than open-pit mines. When minerals occur deep below the surface, where the overburden is thick, or the mineral occurs as veins in hard rock, the underground shaft mining method is used to extract the valued material.

Shaft mines have vertical access to the seam via elevators that carry workers and equipment into the mines. It is the deepest form of underground mining.

Question 7. Why do we need to conserve our mineral resources? Explain any three methods of conservation of minerals.

Answer:

Minerals are required in all spheres of our life – for agriculture, industries and domestic purposes. We are rapidly consuming the mineral resources that require millions of years to be created and concentrated.

The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.

They are finite resources that are non-renewable, yet are getting exhausted due to rapid exploitation. Continued extraction brings down their quality as well as increases the costs of extraction.

To save these valuable resources from exhaustion and to preserve thorns for future generations as well, we should conserve our mineral resources

1. Causing minimum wastage of minerals during the process of mining and processing of minerals.
2. Improving technologies to utilise low-grade ores at low cost.
3. Using minerals in a planned manner by adopting the policy of recycling and reuse. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes to reduce exploitation of present deposits.

Question 8. In recent years, the use of which fuel for transport vehicles is gaining popularity? What development has provided impetus to India’s gas production?

Answer:

1. In recent years, the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for transport vehicles is gaining popularity. It is replacing liquid fuels like petrol and diesel.
   • The liquid fuels obtained from petroleum are exhausting rapidly and are costlier. They cause enormous pollution.
   • Hence, the use of Compressed Natural Gas is encouraged to control pollution, protect the environment and conserve petroleum which is exhausting rapidly.
   • In Delhi, CNG has already gained wide popularity. CNG is being encouraged with the motto of a cleaner city, with government initiative.
2. The 1700 km long Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur cross-country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassein with the fertiliser, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.
   • This artery has provided impetus to India’s gas production by linking gas-producing areas to their market.
   • As gas can easily be transported via pipelines, the natural gas can be taken from source areas directly to their demand areas.

Question 9. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? What are its three major forms? Write the main features of each form.

Answer:

Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy requirement. India has vast and rich reserves of coal, distributed in different regions of India.

The Peninsular Plateau region, especially the Damodar Valley Region of Jharkhand and West Bengal, the Son, Mahanadi, Godavari and Wardha Valleys of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh have rich deposits of Gondwana coal.

In the northeastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, tertiary coal is found. In Tamil Nadu, lignite deposits are found. The three major forms of coal are anthracite, bituminous and lignite.

1. Anthracite is the highest quality coal with more than 80% carbon content and very low moisture content. It is hard, compact and deep-black in colour. It is found in the Jharia coalfields of Jharkhand in small quantities.
2. Bituminous is the most widely used coal. High-grade bituminous coal is used in metallurgical industries, especially for melting iron in blast furnaces.
   1. So it is also known as metallurgical coal. Bituminous coal contains 60% to 80% carbon, low moisture, and has high heating capacity.
   2. It is formed when coal is buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is found in large quantities in the Jharia coalfield of Jharkhand and the Raniganj coalfield of West Bengal.
3. Lignite contains about 60% carbon and has a high moisture content. It is a low-grade brown coal which is soft and has low heating capacity. It is used in
   thermal power stations. Principal reserves are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.

Question 10. State any four differences between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

Answer:

Question 11. Why is Chota Nagpur a storehouse of minerals?

Answer:

Chota Nagpur is a storehouse of minerals because It is made up of igneous and sedimentary rocks Copper, zinc and lead are obtained from igneous rocks. Coal and iron ore are obtained from sedimentary rocks.

Question 12. Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. State examples.

Answer:

Metallic minerals can be classified into ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.

Question 13. What factors make the production of solar energy convenient in India? What are its uses? Name the largest solar plant ofIndia.
Or
Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in western parts ofIndia?

Answer:

The western parts ofIndia, especially the Thar deserts region receive undisturbed sunshine for most parts of the year.

This area has great potential for the development of energy and can be utilised as the largest solar power house ofIndia. Solar energy is becoming fast popular in different parts of the country, especially in rural and remote areas.

It can be used for cooking, heating water, pumping, refrigeration, street lighting and room heating in cold areas.

The largest solar plant ofIndia is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat. The solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans.

Question 14. State the facts about coal found in India with reference to its distribution.

Answer:

The major resources of metallurgical coal belong to the Gondwana age and are located mainly in the northeastern part of the peninsula.

Rich reserves of coal are found in the Damodar Valley region in the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Raniganj in West Bengal, and Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand are important coalfields.

One-third of the total production comes from here. Coal is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys, Korba in Chhattisgarh.

Singrauli and Penah-kanban valley in Madhya Pradesh, Talcher in Odisha, Kamptee and Chandrapur in Maharashtra and Singareni in Andhra Pradesh are important coal mines.

Tertiary coal occurs in the northeastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Principal lignite reserves are found in Neyveliin Tamil Nadu.

Question 15. Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Or
Explain four points of distinction between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

Answer:

Question 16. What values does the use of biofuel promote?

Answer:

Values promoted by the use of bio-fuel are:

1. Environmental concern
2. Self-reliance of rural households
3. Management of natural resources

Question 17. The conventional sources of energy are fast getting depleted. Little do we realise that if we are not careful, there will be an acute shortage. Name two conventional energy sources. How can citizens play an important role in conserving energy resources?

Answer:

Conventional sources of energy are depleting at a very fast rate. If we are not going to develop a non-conventional source of energy, our future is going to be bleak and stagnant.

1. Coal, petroleum.
2. We as a citizen can play an important role in the conservation of energy resources in the following ways:
   • We should ensure careful and judicious use of resources.
   • We should stress on economical extraction of resources.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science Chapter 3 Democracy And Diversity Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Explain the factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions.

Answer:

The three crucial factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions are:

1. The outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If they see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. It will be much easier if people see their identities as multiple and complementary to the national identity.
2. It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
3. It depends on how the government reacts to the demands of different groups. If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 2. ‘Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries’. Explain with examples.

Answer:

Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries. It does not matter whether the country is small or big.

India is a vast country with many communities. Belgium is a small country with many communities. Even countries such as Germany and Sweden which were once highly homogeneous, are undergoing rapid changes with an influx of people from other parts of the world.

Migrants bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social community. In this sonata, most countries of the world are multicultural having social divisions.

Question 3. Differentiate between overlapping and cross-cutting differences
Or
What are overlapping and cross-cutting differences?

Answer:

Question 4. Can the politics and social divisions be allowed to mix?

Answer:

In fact, at first sight, it would appear that the combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive. Democracy involves competition among various political parties.

Their competition tends to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict violence, or even the disintegration of a country. We take the case of Northern Ireland.

This region of the United Kingdom has been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict. In consequence, its population is divided into two major sects of Christianity.

53% are Protestants, while 44% are Roman Catholics. The fight between the two led hundreds of civilians, militants, and security forces to be killed.

The above example leads us to conclude that political and social divisions must not be allowed to mix. But at the same time, every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to such disasters.

Question 5. ‘Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity\ Justify the statement.

Answer:

In a democracy, political expression of social division is very normal and can be healthy. We have seen that in India and Belgium, social diversities have been accommodated in a very positive manner.

Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity. However a positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate it does not come easily.

People who feel marginalized, deprived, and discriminated against have to fight against injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power.

However, history shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Question 6. Do social differences exist in all the countries? Explain in your own words.

Answer:

Yes. social differences exist in almost all countries irrespective of the size of the population.

They are based on many factors like race, culture, religion, etc. When two social differences overlap, social division occurs in the society. We can see diversity in many countries like Belgium, India, Sri Lanka, etc.

Question 7. How is the combination of politics and social divisions very dangerous and explosive?

Answer:

Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competition tends to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence, or even the disintegration of a country.

Question 8. Some Dalit groups decided to participate in the UN Conference Against Racism in Durban in 2001, demanding the inclusion of caste in the agenda of this conference. Here are three reactions to this move:

Amandeep Kaur (a government official): Our Constitution declares caste discrimination to be illegal. If some caste discrimination continues, it is an internal matter. I am opposed to this being raised in an international forum. Oinam (a sociologist): I am opposed to this because caste and race are not similar divisions.

Caste is a social division, while race is a biological one. Raising caste in this conference on racism would mean equating the two. Ashok (a Dalit activist): The argument about the internal matter is a way of preventing an open discussion of oppression and discrimination. Race is not purely biological.

It is as much a legal and sociological category as caste. Caste discrimination must be raised in this conference. Which of the three opinions do you agree with most and why?

Answer:

1. I agree with the opinion of Ashok (a Dalit activist).
2. I agree with him because according to him race is not biological. It is a legal and sociological category, as caste. In the UN conference, issues based on caste discrimination must be raised.

Question 9. So you are saying that too many small divisions are better than a Single big division? Are you also saying that politics is a force of unity?

Answer:

In a democratic country, political expression of social division is normal and can be healthy. It allows different social groups to express their feelings and get the government to pay attention to them.

Different kinds of expression in politics result in canceling one or the other out. In that way, they reduce their identity which leads to the strengthening of democracy.

Question 10. Which three values are responsible for determining the outcome of the politics of social divisions?

Answer:

The following values are responsible for determining the outcomes of politics of social division:

1. The way the people perceive their identity.
2. The manner in which the political leaders raise their demands of any community.
3. The determining factors of the government’s reaction to the demands of different groups.

Question 11. On what basis are social differences created?

Answer:

1. Based On Physical Abilities Or Disabilities: There is discrimination based on gender, they are tall or short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.
2. Differences Based On Choices: Some people are atheists, they do not believe in God or any religion. While some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they were born into.
3. Based On Accident Of Birth: Normally we do not choose to belong to the community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday lives.

Question 12. How did Bulgaria make sure that Roma people should dress and behave like other people from Bulgaria?
Or
Do you think the Bulgarian government should try to ensure that the Roma people dress and behave like other people from Bulgaria?

Answer:

In a democratic country, every person has the right to freedom of speech, freedom, etc. People can also wear the type of dress of their choice and behave on their own without harming others.

No one can compel a particular community to dress other than their own identified dress. Because in democracy, everyone’s identity must be protected. So, the Bulgarian government should not try to ensure that the Roma people dress and behave like other people from Bulgaria.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science Chapter 2 Federalism

Question 1. Write any five features of federalism that have been incorporated into the Indian Constitution.

Answer:

The Features Of Federalism Are As Follows:

1. The jurisdictions of the respective levels of government are specified in the constitution. So, their existence and authority are constitutionally guaranteed.
2. There are two or more levels of government. Different tiers govern the same citizen, but each has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation, and administration.
3. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both levels of government.
4. Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and the powers of different levels of government. The highest court decides disputes arise among different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
5. Dual objectives: safeguard and promote the unity of the country.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 2. Mention the major ways for the success of federalism in India.
Or
How does federalism work in India?

Answer:

Relation Of Centre And State: The center-state relation is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. The period after 1990 saw the rise of regional political parties in many states of the country. So federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the constitution came into force.

Language Policy: A second test for the Indian federation is the language policy. Under this policy, Hindi was identified as the official language. However, there were many safeguards to protect other languages, recognized as “scheduled languages” by the constitution.

Decentralisation Of Power: Power has been decentralized to the grass-roots at the local level. Local body governments have been assigned exclusive areas of responsibilities and functions.

Linguistic State: This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Some states were created not on the basis of language but to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, or geography.

Those included states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand. The formation of linguistic States has actually made the country more united. It has made administration easier.

Question 3. Describe the language policy of India.

Answer:

The Indian constitution has recognized 21 other languages besides Hindi. After independence, local leaders of different regions demanded the creation of a state on a linguistic basis.

Some of the national leaders feared that the formation of states on a linguistic basis could lead to the disintegration of the country. But states on a linguistic basis were created and it made administrative work easier.

Leaders of our country adopted a very cautious policy in spreading the use of Hindi in all the states. Hindi was made the national language and the use of English as an official language was also started.

In 1965 use of the English language as an official language was banned in Tamil Nadu and it took a violent form. The central government agreed to use English as the official language along with Hindi.

Though the central government wanted to promote Hindi as an official language, it did not want to impose it. Hindi in those states which speak other languages. This was a very flexible approach adopted by the Indian leaders and this approach has maintained national unity, unlike Sri Lanka where a particular language was promoted.

Question 4. Describe the role of the Judiciary in the Indian constitution.

Answer:

Although judges are appointed by the executives, they can check the functioning of executives, or laws made by the legislature. The courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the power of different levels of government.

In federal states, there is a written and rigid constitution that cannot be changed easily. But sometimes, the legislature passes such laws that are contrary to the previous laws of the constitution.

Then judiciary stops the implementation of laws that violate the constitution. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision.

The highest court acts as umpire disputes arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers. The judiciary is also known as the custodian of the constitution.

Question 5. Explain the concept of three tiers of government in Indian Federalism.

Answer:

Federalism is a system in which two or more two tiers of government are there. Generally two tiers of government function at two different levels. The first one is the union Government which runs the administration of the whole of the country.

The second one is the State Government which runs the administration of any particular geographical unit within the country. In federalism either the Union is more powerful or both the Union and the States are equally powerful.

In India, the Union is more powerful than the States. But India is a very vast country where people of diverse cultures live. It’s not possible to administer them through a two-tier system because neither Union nor State Governments are in a position to estimate the local problems.

That’s why a three-tier government has been formed in the Indian federal set up so that power could be shared even up to the grassroots level. Three-tier is known as local self-government.

For urban areas municipalities are there and for rural areas, Panchayati Raj institutions are there. In this way, Indian federalism has three tiers of government, i.e. Union, State, and Local self-government.

Question 6. Are YOU suggesting that regionalism is good for our democracy? Are you serious?

Answer:

No, regionalism is not good for our democracy. It is one of the major challenges, which our country is facing at present.

It is the cause of creating tension among the different communities in the country. Sometimes it leads to violence and demand for secession from the country. It is dangerous to our national unity and integrity.

Question 7. Why has been special status accorded to certain states? Discuss the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.

Answer:

Certain states in India have been accorded special status in the constitution because of diverse populations and regional diversities.

Special status has been accorded to Jammu and Kashmir due to the odd circumstances that made the state join the Indian Union and become its integral part. Non-permanent citizens of the state can’t buy or sell in J&K.

Question 8. The prime minister runs the country. The Chief Minister runs the state. Logically, then, the chairperson of Zila Parishad should run the district. Why does the D.M. or Collector administer the district?

Answer:

The administration of the district cannot be given to the chairman of ZilaParishad as in that case each district will have its own laws and policies which will lead to confusion. In many districts, disputes may arise among many functionaries.

To run the district administration smoothly, its administration is carried out by the D.M. or Collector. Due to this, the state government policies and decisions can be implemented properly.

Question 9. How does the Judiciary play an important role in the Indian federation substantiate’?

Answer:

The Judiciary is an important independent organ of the state of India. It plays a crucial role in the existing power-sharing management of the federal system of government in India.

In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court pass the necessary orders and give directions. Thus Judiciary is the guardian of Indian Federalism.

Question 10. Federation is suitable only for big countries. Do you agree with the statement or not? Why? Why not?

Answer:

Federal means power sharing among the center and its regional units. It is suitable for big countries where the area of the country is large, the population huge and a wide disparity in the language, culture, and religion of the people because it becomes difficult to effectively manage.

It is also suitable for small countries even in a smaller country like Belgium, which has complex diversity in respect to religion, language an culture, federalism works successfully.

The rationale behind the federal system is to share power so that every social group is equally represented in the governance. In short, federalism is suitable for both big and small countries.