NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy Long Question and Answers
Question 1. How would you distinguish between organized and unorganized sectors? Explain in your own words.
Answer:
The organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore people have assured work. They are registered by the government and have to follow certain rules and regulations as per various laws.
On the other hand, the unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units, which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not being followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular.
There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc. Employment is subject to a high degree of insecurity.
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Question 2. Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?
Answer:
Changes That Took Place In Developed Countries (Economies)
- The relative share of agriculture in both GDP and employment decreased.
- The relative shares of secondary and tertiary sectors in both GDP and employment decreased.
- As a result, the tertiary sector of the economy stole a march over the other two sectors of the economy.
Changes That Took Place In India:
- The relative share of agriculture in both GDP and employment has decreased.
- The relative shares of the secondary and tertiary sectors in both GDP and employment have increased.
- However, this shift has been very slow. In the matter of employment, agriculture is still the principal source of employment in the economy. But it generates less than 20% of the GDP.
Question 3. How would income and, employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?
Answer:
Irrigation facilities help in increasing the farm’s output. Irrigation facilities can be improved by the construction of canals or the digging of wells. New employment can also be generated.
Marketing facilities will help the farmers in selling their products at fair prices. Wholesale and retail markets would further boost employment. As a result, the income of farmers will increase.
Question 4. Why do you think NREGA 2005 is referred to as Right to Work?
Answer:
NREGA 2005 is referred to as the ‘Right to Work’ because all those who are able to and are in need of work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government.
If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.
Question 5. ln India, the development process has led to an increase in the share of the tertiary sector in GDP”. Do you agree with this statement? Elaborate.
Answer:
In Indin, at higher levels of development, the service sector contributes more to the GDP than the primary and secondary sectors. Due to the rise in government services like hospitals, schools, etc., the share of the service sector has increased.
The higher the development of primary and secondary sectors, the larger will be the share of the service sector. With the development of the IT industry, the share of the service sector has increased tremendously.
In the year 2011, the share of the service sector in the country’s GDP was 57.69%. This phenomenon of growing share of the service sector was accelerated in the post-1991 period.
Question 6. Explain four reasons that are responsible for the increasing importance of the tertiary sector in India.
Or
Explain the importance of the tertiary sector.
Answer:
Tertiary sector has become the largest producer in India over the years due to the following reasons:
- There has been a large-scale expansion of basic services such as hospitals, educational institutions, communication, banks, etc.
- The development of agriculture and industry has led to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage, etc.
- Rise in the income has increased the demand for services such as tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, etc.
- The growth of the knowledge industry over the past decade due to the revolution in information and communication technologies has led to the emergence of the service sector.
Question 7. Define the term ‘organised sector’. Explain three demerits of an unorganized sector.
Answer:
The organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work.
This sector is registered with the government and has to follow certain rules and regulations as per various laws.
The following Are The Demerits Of An Unorganised Sector:
- Jobs in the unorganized sector are low-paid and often irregular.
- There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.
- Employment is not secure in this sector. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
- There are rules and regulations in the unorganized sector but these are not followed.
Question 8. How can more employment be created in rural areas? Explain with the help of four suitable examples.
Answer:
More Employment Can Be Created In Rural Areas By:
- Constructing wells, dams, canals, roads, etc., in villages and employing local people.
- Creating storage facilities and providing more transport services in villages.
- Setting up agro-based industries where a large number of people can be employed in villages.
- Promoting rural crafts and rural tourism is also a proposal for employment generation.
- Exploring fields like setting up honey collection centers; IT centers and health centers for providing job opportunities.
Question 9. How can employment be increased in urban areas?
Or
In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?
Answer:
In Urban Areas, Employment Can Be Increased In The Following Ways:
- By adopting labor-intensive techniques of production
- The problems regarding power supply, raw materials, and transportation should be removed so that the industries that are working below capacity should produce to their full capacity.
- Small-scale and cottage industries should be encouraged.
- The government should encourage self-employment by providing credit facilities, training, facilities, marketing facilities, etc.
- Targeted employment generation programs should be implemented with full devotion and honesty.
- There is a large scope of employment in the service sector, especially in tourism, information, and technology. This sector requires proper planning and support from the government to generate employment opportunities.
Question 10. Is the service sector actually growing? Substantiate your answer.
Answer:
- Service sector growth continues to be broad-based. Among the various subsectors of the tertiary sector, trade, hotels, transport, and communication services continue to lead at double-digit rates.
- Fast addition to the existing stock of telephone connections, particularly mobiles, played a key role in such growth. Growth in banking, insurance, and real estate services maintained the momentum.
- The progressive maturing of the Indian financial market and the ongoing construction activities have also added to the growth of the service sector. Undoubtedly, the tertiary sector is playing a significant role in GDP growth but it is also increasing inequalities among the people.
- Real development is the one that removes chronicle problems like unemployment and poverty. Since only a part of the tertiary sector is growing, the tertiary sector has yet to go a long way in the development of the Indian economy.
Question 11. Talk to someone who ‘has a regular job in the organized sector and another who works in the unorganized sector. Compare and contrast their working conditions in all aspects.
Answer:
Organized Sector: It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and the employees have permanent jobs.
Unorganized Sector: It is characterized by small and scattered units. These are outside the bounds or control of the government. They are not bound by rules and regulations. Their working conditions can be compared and contrasted thus:
Question 12. Explain any two employment generation programs undertaken by the government.
Answer:
The following employment generation programs have been undertaken by the government:
Rural Works Programme: This program aims at providing employment opportunities to local resources in activities such as the construction of road-rail links, health centers, etc., in rural areas.
National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP): The NFFWP was launched in November 2004 in the 150 most backward districts to generate additional supplementary wage employment with food security. Under the scheme, states receive food grains free of cost.
Question 13. How are disguised and technical unemployment different from each other? Explain. Also, give one example of each.
Answer:
Disguised Unemployment: It is a situation in which more than required people are engaged in a production activity. For example, for weeding one acre of wheat or paddy field, only 4 persons are required but if 6 workers are engaged in the field, the additional 2 persons are underemployed.
Technical Unemployment: If unemployment occurs owing to changes in technology, it is referred to as technical unemployment. For example, when the use of computers drastically reduces the need for skilled workers in an economy, they become technically unemployed.
Question 14. Compare the rate of growth of the tertiary sector with other sectors in terms of GDP and employment.
Answer:
A remarkable fact about India is that while there has been a change in the share of three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.
Around half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, mainly in agriculture, producing only a quarter of the GDP.
In contrast to this, the secondary and tertiary sectors produce three-fourths of total production and they employ less than half of the working population.
In addition, production in the service sector rose by 11 times, while employment in the service sector rose less than three times over the period of 4 decades.
Question 15. Workers which sector needs to be protected? Why?
Answer:
- Most of the workers in the unorganized sector need to be protected. Sick or loss-making industries of organized sectors are usually shut down.
- As a result, a large number of workers end up losing their jobs and are forced to seek jobs in the unorganized sector with low earnings. Hence, there is a need for protection and support for these workers.
- Workers of unorganized sectors in rural areas such as landless agricultural laborers, small and marginal farmers, sharecroppers, and artisans also need to be supported through adequate facilities for timely delivery of seeds, credit, agricultural inputs, storage, and marketing outlets.
- In the same way, workers in small-scale industries, casual workers in construction sites, trade and transport, street vendors, head-load workers, ragpickers, garment makers, etc., in urban areas need to be protected.
- In addition, the majority of workers from scheduled castes and tribes, backward communities and others in the unorganized sector face social discrimination. Hence, they need protection. Their protection is necessary for economic development.
Question 16. What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?
Answer:
- The history of developed countries indicates that at the initial stages of development, the primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity. As the methods of farming changed and the agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before, and most people were also employed in this sector,
- Over more than a hundred years, when new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding. In this way, the secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment,
- During the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from the secondary to the tertiary sector. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production and employment.
- This has been the general pattern of shifting between sectors in developed countries.
Question 17. What values are responsible for the exploitation of workers in the unorganized sector?
Answer:
The following Values Are Responsible For The Exploitation Of Workers In The Unorganised Sectors:
- Rules and regulations are not followed.
- Workers are not aware of their rights.
- Jobs are low-paid and insecure.
- Workers cannot avail leave. They sometimes have to work even on holidays.
Question 18. What role does the primary sector play in the Indian economy?
Answer:
The primary sector plays the following role in the Indian Economy:
- The primary sector deals with activities that produce goods using natural
- It provides livelihood to more than 50% of the population.
- It forms the base for other sectors of the economy.