NCERT Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 1 The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 1 The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. What were the main features of the first print prepared by Frederic Sorrieu?

Answer:

Following were the main features of the first print prepared by Frederic Sorrieu:

1. It shows the people of Europe and America offering homage to the Statue of Liberty.
2. United States of America and Switzerland led the procession which had become the nation-states at that time.
3. France was identifiable by its revolutionary tricolour which had just reached the statue. France was followed by Germany. The flag used by Germany was black, red, and gold which represented the expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution.
4. Following the German people were the people of Austria, the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary, and Russia.
5. From the heavens above, Christ, saints, and angels gaze upon the scene. They have been used by the artist to symbolize fraternity among the nations of the world.

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Question 2. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution. Why?

Answer:

The following are the reasons for the emergence of nationalism with the French Revolution:

1. At that time, France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch, Louis 16.
2. The political and constitutional changes that came after the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarch to a body of French citizens.
3. The revolutionary proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
4. From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
5. The ideas of la patrie and le citoyen emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
6. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
7. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
8. French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
9. The French armies carried the ideas of nationalism abroad when the revolutionary wars broke out.

Question 3. Describe any five features of the Civil Code of 1804.
Or
By what other name Civil Code of 1804 was known? Write its four features also.

Answer:

The Civil Code was also known as the Napoleonic Code. The following were its main features:

1. It did away with all the privileges based on the birth.
2. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
3. This Code was exported to the regions under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic in Switzerland, Italy, and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions.
5. It abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
6. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
7. Transport and communication systems were improved.
8. Peasants, artisans, workers, and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
9. Uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Question 4. What was the political condition of Europe in the mid-18th century?

Answer:

Following were the main features of the political condition of Europe in the mid-18th century:

1. There was no nation-state in Europe in the mid-18th century.
2. Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons.
3. People spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups.
4. The Habsburg Empire consisted of different regions and people.
5. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture.
6. It included German-speaking people of Bohemia as well as Italian-speaking people of Lombardy and Venetia.
7. Half of the population of Hungary was Magyar.
8. These differences did not promote a sense of political unity. The only bonding force for these groups was a common allegiance to the emperor.

Question 5. Explain the social condition of landed aristocracy and peasantry in Europe in the mid-18th century.
Or
Describe the social condition of Europe in the mid-18th century.

Answer:

Following was the social condition of Europe in the mid-18th century:

1. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
2. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
3. They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
4. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
5. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
6. This powerful aristocracy was numerically a small group.
7. The majority of the population was made up of peasants.
8. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe, the pattern of landholding was characterized by vast estates that were cultivated by serfs.
9. There was the emergence of commercial classes. In western parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of the commercial classes.
10. The existence of the commercial classes was based on production for the market.
11. Industrialization began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century. However, in France and parts of Germany, it began only in the nineteenth century.
12. A new working class and middle class came into existence. These consisted of industrialists, businessmen, and professionals.
13. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

Question 6. What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain.

Answer:

Ideas of national unity in early-19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new middle classes, liberalism meant freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

Politically it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.

Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. The right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men.

Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, women and non-propertied men organized opposition movements demanding equal political rights.

In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century, this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.

Question 7. Describe the causes of the Silesian weavers’ uprising. Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist.
Or
What were the causes of the revolt of weavers in Silesia in 1845?

Answer:

The uprising of the Silesian weavers broke out in 1845. The main cause of the uprising was a drastic reduction in the payment to the weavers.

They were paid by the contractors. These contractors supplied the raw materials to the weavers and gave orders for finished textiles.

Hence, a large number of weavers marched to the mansions of the contractors to demand higher wages.

The viewpoint of the journalist was unsympathetic. It was biased against the weavers. The journalist favored the weaving contractors and failed to recognize the sufferings of the weavers.

Question 8. Napoleon’s administrative measures were seen as obstacles to growth. How?

Answer:

Napoleon’s administrative measures had created countless small areas, a confederation of 39 states. Each of these possessed its own currency weights and measures.

A merchant traveling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to pass through eleven customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each one of them.

Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. Each region had its own system of weights and measures. This involved time-consuming calculations.

For example, Elle was a measure of cloth. In each region, it stood for a different length.

An Elle of textile material bought in Frankfurt would get 54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm, in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm.

Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people, and capital.

Question 9. Why was Zollverein introduced? What was its effect?

Answer:

Napoleon’s administrative measures had created countless small areas, a confederation of 39 states. Each of these possessed its own currency weights and measures.

Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people, and capital.

To correct these, in 1834, a customs union Zollverein was formed. It was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.

Effect of the introduction of Zollverein:

1. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
2. A network of railways was created to increase mobility, to harness economic interests to national unification.
3. The industry grew due to free trade.
4. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

Question 10. Explain the features of the Congress of Vienna.
Or
What do you know about the Treaty of Vienna? What were its provisions?
Or
Describe any four features of the Vienna Treaty of 1815.

Answer:

In 1815, representatives of the European powers-Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.

The Congress was headed by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the intention of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.

Features or Provisions

• The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power.
• France lost the territories which were annexed under Napoleon.
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in the future.
• Thus, the kingdom of Netherlands which included Belgium, was set up in the north.
• Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
• Prussia was given significant new territories on its western frontiers.
• Austria was given control of northern Italy.
• In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
• The main purpose was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new constitutional order in Europe.

Question 11. Why were secret societies formed after 1815? Explain with special reference to the activities of Mazzini.

Answer:

During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies were formed in many European states.

Their aims were to oppose the monarchial government and to fight for freedom and liberty. They trained revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.

Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

He founded two more secret societies, the Young Italy in Marseilles and then, Young Europe in Berne whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy, and German states.

Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

As a result of the secret societies, the conservatives were frightened. Metternich described Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of social order.

Question 12. Why were the 1830s, years of great economic hardship in Europe?

Answer:

The first half of the 19th century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment.

Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialisation was more advanced than other parts of the continent.

In the areas of aristocracy, peasants’ conditions were deplorable. They struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

Question 13. Compare the position on the question of women’s rights voiced by three writers (Carl Welcker, Louise Otto-Paters, and an anonymous reader) cited above. What do they reveal about liberal ideology?

Answer:

1. The three writers cited above present three different views about women’s rights.
2. One of these writers is opposed to any political right to women.
3. The second writer is criticizing the men who had political rights. At the same time, the second writer advocates that women should be given political rights.
4. The third writer is in favor of the question of women’s rights. He cited a comparative study between the position of men and women insofar as political rights were concerned.
5. First, second, and third writers tell us that there were big divisions in the liberal ideology.
6. The liberal thinkers and writers were divided on the question of women’s rights.

Question 14. What were the reactions of the local populations of the area under French rule?

Answer:

The reactions of the people of such areas were a mixed one. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan, and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.

However, it was soon felt that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. The enthusiasm turned to hostility.

Increased taxation, censorship, and forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

Question 15. How has French artist, Frederic Sorrieu, visualized in his first print, of the series of four prints, his dream of a world made up of democrats and social republics? Explain.

Answer:

Fredric Sorrieu, a French artist prepared a series of four prints in 1848 in which he visualized his dream of a world that was made up of democratic and social republics.

1. In the first print, he showed, that European and American people are marching in a long train and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty when they pass by it.
2. It also shows that a female carries a torch of enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of Rights of Man in the other. On the earth shattered remains of symbols of absolutist institutions of monarchy lie.
3. People of the world are grouped in distinct nations which are identified by their flags and national costumes in Surrieu’s Utopian Vision.
4. Countries are going through a long procession led by the USA and Switzerland which were followed by France and Germany. Germany was followed by Austria, the Kingdom of two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary, and Russia.
5. Christ, saints, and angels are looking at the scene from the heavens above. Here, the artist has shown the fraternity among different nations of the world.

Question 16. Why did Nationalism rise in Europe?
Or
Which factors led to the rise of Nationalism in Europe after the 1830s?

Answer:

Nationalism was one of the important forces of 19th century Europe which gave birth to many new countries. Certain factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism. These factors are given below:

1. Feudalism emerged in the medieval period in Europe and became one of the most powerful forces in Europe.
   • It was one of the great obstacles in the way of nationalism because it became very powerful with the passage of time. But due to certain reasons, it fell down and declined.
   • Some feudal lords died in mutual wars and cru- sades also led to their fall. Without the decline of feudalism, Nationalism could not have risen to this much extent.
2. In the medieval period, the church was very powerful and had great power all over the world. But people were awakened by the movements like Renaissance and Reformation.
   • It led to a decline in the authority and power of the Pope. So the decline of the Pope’s authority led to the establishment of the national church in many countries.

Question 17. Which obstacles were there in the way to the unification of Italy? Write any three.

Answer:

Many obstacles were there in the way to Italian unification. Some of the main obstacles are given below:

1. Small States: In the 16th century, Italy became a very weak country. It was divided into many smaller states which were too weak to counter the attack of any foreign ruler.

They always used to quarrel with each other and that’s why they had no unity among them.

2. Rule of Foreign Countries: Italy was invaded by many foreign rulers many a time because of the weakness of the smaller states.

Some states like Modens Tuscany were under the influence of France and some states like Venetia and Lombardy were under the influence of Austria.

Even Napoleon had won all of the Italian states. So the rise of foreign countries was a great obstacle.

3. Congress of Vienna, 1815: In 1815, Napoleon was defeated by the unified forces. Italy, which was under the occupation of Napoleon, was divided by winners of the War of Waterloo.

Some states were given to France and some were given to Austria. The rule of old rulers was restored in those states.

So Congress of Vienna had divided Italy and it was also one of the great obstacles in the way of unification of Italy.

4. Pope: The Pope was the spiritual head of Christians and had dominance over Pa- pal state, i.e. Rome. He was known as the spiritual head of all the Christian states in the world.

He had kept foreign forces in Rome for his security and always remained away from the Nationalists. So Pope was also one of the obstacles to Italian Unification.