Sainavle

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science Chapter 7 Out comes of Democracy

Question 1. Describe the principal characteristic of dictatorship.

Answer:

Dictatorship means rule by one man or by a few. In a dictatorship, all the power of the state is concentrated in one man or a group of men.

• All the decisions are made and no one can question his authority. His dictate is a law and all have to follow his orders, whether they like it or not.
• No constitution: In countries run by dictators, there is no set of fundamentals that define the distribution of one-man rules governing the politics of the nation or governmental power.
• There is no freedom of speech and expression, freedom of the press or electronic media, and no freedom to form assemblies, unions, etc. People are not supposed to disagree with the government. All the decisions are taken by a dictator and all the citizens are expected to follow them.
• Monopolization of power: In a dictatorship, all powers are vested and concentrated
  in one person who directs all the powers and policies as well as programs
  for the society. People’s views, interests, and opinions are disregarded altogether.
• Complete control of media: In a dictatorship, mass media has no freedom.
  They can’t say or publish any material against the government or the dictator.
  Strict censorship is exercised over the print and electronic media.

Question 2. Democracy is the rule of the majority. The poor are in the majority. So democracy must be a rule of the poor. How can this not be the case?

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Answer:

1. Democracy is a rule of the majority means that it is ruled by majority views.
2. Rule by majority does not mean rule by majority in terms of religion, race, linguistic groups, poor or rich.
3. It means that in the case of every decision or in the case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority.
4. So, to say that democracy must be a rule of the poor will give rise to a further division of society on a different line and lead to conflict.
5. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of
   being in the majority at some point in time.

Class 10 Political Science Chapter 7 Solutions

Question 3. “Democracy promotes dignity and freedom of the citizen (individual)”. Explain the statement.
Or
State examples show that democracy promotes the dignity and freedom of the citizens.

Answer:

1. The passion for respect and freedom is the basis of democracy. This principle
   has been achieved at various levels in various democracies.
2. In the case of the dignity of women, most societies across the world were historically male-dominated.
3. It is possible in a democratic government that equality in gender is ensured.
4. In India, the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated against have been accepted. Reservation of seats for SCs/STs and OBCs in educational institutions and government jobs shows that the weaker sections are protected.
5. Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.
6. Most individuals today believe that their votes make a difference, i.e., the
   government runs according to their wishes.

Question 4. ‘Not so many would be satisfied with the democracy in practice’. Support your answer.

Answer:

1. Democracy seems to be good in principle but not in practice. It means the
   principles are in favour of the people but in practice they do not enjoy the same.
2. The economic growth rate in democratic regimes is less when compared to those in other forms of government (Dictatorship).

For example, The data collected between 1950 and 2000 shows that the growth in all democratic regimes was 3.95%, but in all dictatorial regimes, it was 4.42%.

Question 5. What are the different characteristics and aspects of democracy? 

Answer:

1. Democracy means “rule by the people”.
2. All the citizens in a democracy take part in elections to elect their representatives who form the government and are accountable to the people for their actions and performance.
3. Every citizen is equal in the eyes of the law and has equal rights and freedom in the country. In a democracy, all the material resources are owned collectivity by the society. Besides, all the resources are evenly and widely distributed.

Distinct features, aspects, and characteristics of democracy. Political Aspect: Political democracy means political equality of all citizens without any discrimination on the grounds of sex, race religion, region, language, etc.

Everybody has the right to vote, to contest the election, and to take part in the formation of government directly or indirectly. Besides equality in the eyes of the law of the land, democracy as a form of government has the following features.

• Elections should be held regularly: More than one party contests the elections.
• Elections should be held on the basis of universal adult franchise.
• There should be freedom of speech, expression, assembly, and freedom of press
  (print media) and electronic media.
• Separation and division of power between the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

Social aspect: It means equality, unity, and harmony in the society. Everyone should have equal access to the material resources of the society without any discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, region, or language and no community should be given any preference over other religions or communities. The government should take measures to uplift all sections of society.

Economic Aspect: It means equal economic status for all citizens. No gap or little gap between the rich and the poor. Equal distribution of income among all the people. Balanced economic development of all regions.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Political Science Chapter 7

Question 6. What factors sustain democracy in India?
Or
How is the democratic system in India? State reasons.

Answer:

The following factors sustain democracy in India:

1. Democracy is liked by almost all Indians It is based on the principles of equality, freedom, and brotherhood.
2. To achieve the prescribed goals (secularism, socialism, democratic, republic
   national unity and international security, etc.) the formers of the Indian
   constitution revived completely on the norms of democracy.
3. The formers of the Indian constitution provided for a representative democracy
   in a liberal framework.

Question 7. Mention any three conditions which are necessary in order to achieve a positive outcome in democracy.

Answer:

• Accommodation of social diversity can lead to a peaceful and harmonious life among
  citizens.
• Democracy is not simply a rule by majority opinion (like “majoritarianism” in
  Sri Lanka). Minority opinion should also be considered like in Belgium.
• It is also necessary that rule by the majority does not become rule by the majority
  community in terms of religion language race, etc.

Question 8. Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting the dignity and freedom of the individual. Explain.

Answer:

The people prefer a democratic form of government over any other form due to the
following reasons:

1. Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
2. It promotes freedom to elect or reject the government.
3. It promotes the freedom of political parties or organizations.
4. It guarantees public opinion.
5. It enhances the dignity of the individuals.
6. It improves the quality of decision-making.
7. It also provides a method to resolve conflicts or variations.
8. It enables us to correct failures or mistakes, etc.

Question 9. “Democracy provides a base for the accommodation of social diversity.” Explain.

Answer:

1. It will be a fair expectation of the citizens that democracy should produce a harmonious social life.
2. Democracy accommodates various social divisions. In the case of Belgium, it is in the form of power-sharing between logistics groups.
3. India had a coalition form of government in the past decade where many political parties agreed to form a government.
4. Democracy emphasizes both majority and minority opinion in the decision¬ making process.

Question 10. What is the accountability of democratic government?

Answer:

The accountability of the democratic government must be with its citizens. In fact, without this measure and important characteristics, no government can be called a democratic government.

If they are working according to public opinion keeping their interest in mind, I think they would do it. The citizens of the country can check on their representatives and they can ask about the policy, programs, laws, decisions projects, etc.

They can force the party in power to fulfill their declared agenda at the time of election. Even the opposition parties work keeping their responsibility towards the people or citizens because they also want to be popular or more popular day by day if they work keeping the public opinion and interest in their mind.

Political Science Chapter 7 Class 10 NCERT Solutions

Question 11. Write three values each which differentiate between social and political democracy.

Answer:

Social Democracy

1. Claims for the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and
   equal opportunities.
2. Promotes equality among citizens.
3. Enhances the dignity of the individual.

Political Democracy

1. Ensures freedom of the citizens.
2. Leads to a peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.
3. Produces an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government.

Question 12. Describe the characteristics of liberal democracy.

Answer:

The following are the main characteristics of liberal democracy:

1. The government is formed by the elected representatives of citizens and is accountable and responsible to them.
2. More than one political parties compete for political power.
3. There are periodic elections based on universal adult franchise.
4. The competition for power is open and not secretive. It is not through open elections
   but through secret ballot papers.
5. Civil liberties such as freedom of speech, religion and association, etc., are guaranteed.
6. Pressure groups and other organized and unorganized groups are also allowed to operate in the system. They are also able to influence government decisions and policies.

Economics

• Chapter 1 Development
• Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy
• Chapter 3 Money And Credit
• Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy
• Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

Geography

• Chapter 1 Resources And Development
• Chapter 2 Forest And Wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Water Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Minerals And Energy Resources
• Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

History

• Chapter 1 The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe
• Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement In Indo-China
• Chapter 3 Nationalism In India
• Chapter 4 The Making Of A Global World
• Chapter 5 The Age Of Industrialisation
• Chapter 6 Work Life And Leisure Cities In The Contemporary World
• Chapter 7 Print Culture And The Modern World
• Chapter 8 Novels Society And History

Political Science

• Chapter 1 Power Sharing
• Chapter 2 Federalism
• Chapter 3 Democracy And Diversity
• Chapter 4 Gender Religion And Caste
• Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements
• Chapter 6 Political Parties
• Chapter 7 Out comes of Democracy
• Chapter 8 Challenges To Democracy

Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Long Answer and Questions

Question 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of WTO to the Indian economy? Mention any two.

Answer:

WTO Advantages:

1. It helped India to increase its foreign trade. Being a member of WTO, India has been able to expand its trade relations with 148 countries.
2. With the advent of WTO, new technology has arrived in India, which has caused rapid industrialization and improved the standard of living.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

WTO Disadvantages:

1. Developing countries like India have not been able to get much benefit from WTO but India’s share in the international market is very small.
2. The domestic market in India has differed a lot due to rising competition among the member countries of the WTO.

Question 2. Trace the events that led to democracy in Nepal.

Answer:

1. Nepal achieved democracy in 1990. King Birendra, who accepted the
   constitutional monarchy was killed in a mysterious family massacre.
2. After the death of King Birendra, Gyanendra became the new king of Nepal.
3. KingGryanendra did not accept the democratic rule and dissolved the popularly elected government in February 2005.
4. The people of Nepal started the second popular movement in 2006 that aimed at establishing a democratic government.

Question 3. “Democracy evolves through popular struggles.” Do you agree? Support your answer.
Or
Justify with three points that democracy evolves through popular struggle.
Or
It is said that ‘democracy evolves through popular struggles’. Explain the statement.

Answer:

Almost all Democracies that evolved so far have come across many struggles. Take the example of the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and also the independence of India, etc.

• It is also observed that conclusions evolved after conflicts and some significant decisions might be taken after it.
• Democracy usually involves conflict between two groups, i.e., those who are in power and those who want to change the power or want to have a share in the power.
• Whenever the country is going through some moments like transition to
  democracy, expansion of democracy, or deepening of democracy.
• Democracy conflict is generally resolved through mass mobilization.
• For example, the popular struggle in Nepal proved that the unity of political parties, and organizations and the active participation of the people resulted in the transfer of the monarchical government to a democratic government.

Class 10 Political Science Chapter 5 Solutions

Question 4. Describe the mobilisation and organisation in about 120 words keeping in view the mobilisation activities of some organisations and groups in Nepal.

Answer:

Mobilization And Organization In Nepal: The call for indefinite stroke was given by the Seven Party Alliance in Nepal. These big parties had some members in the Parliament.

Besides this, it was joined by the Nepalese Communist Party (Maoist) which did not believe in Parliamentary democracy in Nepal. All the major labor unions and their federations including professionals of democracy joined the movement in Nepal.

The land allotted to the company should be canceled immediately, which should be given to local farmers as grazing land for their cattle. The farmers would use that land to grow such plants which would provide raw material for the paper industry. Its ownership should be with the government of Nepal and not with a private company.

Question 5. Write a short account of Bolivia’s water war.
Or
Discuss in brief Bolivia’s struggle for water.
Or
Write a note on Bolivia’s water war.

Answer:

• Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressured the government of this country to give up its control of the municipal water supply. The government sold their rights to the city of Cochabamba to a multinational company (MNC).
• The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people receive monthly water bills of  ₹ 100 in a country where the average income is around ₹ 5,000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
• In January 2000, a new alliance of labor, human rights, and community leaders organized a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened.

Question 6. Distinguish between sectional and public interest groups.

Answer:

• An interest group is one that attempts to promote or prevent changes in the policy of the government without getting elected or participating in the government.
• These groups work to promote a particular policy of the government that goes in their favor or oppose the policy of the government that goes against their interests.
• A sectional interest group is one that represents the interests of a particular section of society. They work and aim for the good of the members of their society.
• A public interest group is one that represents the interests of the entire society in general. Their activities aim at the welfare of all members of the society and not just a particular section of the society.
• Examples: An interest group that attempts to promote the interests of only a specific group (say workers group, peasants group, etc.) or a particular caste group (say Yadavs, Jats, Jains, Guptas, etc.) is called a sectional interest group.
• On the other hand, an interest group fighting against social evils (that affect everybody) that are plaguing society is a good example of a public interest group.

Question 7. Write the similarities between the popular movements of Nepal and Bolivia.

Answer:

Both movements involved popular struggles of mass mobilization where large number of people actively participated.

Both movements involved political parties and many organizations. For example, the Maoists supported the SPA in Nepal, and the FEDECOR organization was supported by the socialist party in Bolivia.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Political Science Chapter 5

Question 8. Are you suggesting that strikes, dharnas, bandh, and demonstrations are a good thing? I thought it happened only in our country because we are not a mature democracy yet.

Answer:

1. Democracy evolves through struggle by the people of the country.
2. Strikes, dharna, bandh, and demonstrations are the democratic means of struggle. These are a good thing till used peacefully for a genuine democratic demand.
3. When strikes, dharna, demonstrations, etc., take place democratically in a country, it means the democracy is expanding and deepening its roots. Not only in our country, these happen in every democratic country. These things happen where and when the general will of the people is overlooked.

Question 9. Does it mean that whichever side manages to mobilize a bigger crowd gets away with whatever it wants? Are we saying that ‘Might is Right’ in a democracy?

Answer:

No, democracy is based on public opinion and necessarily means giving acceptance to the demands of the masses. It does not necessarily mean acceptance of their demands by the government.

In a democratic country, only those movements and struggles succeed whose demands are judicious and based on the demand of public welfare.

Question 10. How far the activities of the pressure groups are useful in the functioning of a Democratic Government?

Answer:

1. A pressure group is an organized or an unorganized body that seeks to promote
   its interests.
2. It is formed by people having common interests, occupations, and opinions.
3. They do not aim to attain power in the government. They just seek to promote their own interests.
4. It is argued that sectional interest groups are not good for democracy. They promote only the interests of their section and ignore the whole society in general.
5. Also, the pressure groups are not accountable to the people in general.

Question 5. Despite some differences, the story of the popular struggle ofNepal and the popular demand of Bolivia share some common features. Briefly point out the similarity of the both popular struggles.

Answer:

1. Both of these popular struggles are related to the foundation aspect and deepening
   of democracy in Nepal and Bolivia respectively.
2. The focused minds of people in both cases have shown their existence above all bureaucratic practices, for example, the monarchy’s repression-suppression tactics, and even above the international institution, i.e., the World Bank (as an agency of UNO) in the case of Bolivia.
3. Both cases involved mass mobilization.

Question 6. What are pressure groups? How are they different from political parties?

Answer:

Pressure group: It is a group of people who always work for the betterment of the public. The term ‘pressure groups’ refers to any interest group whose members share certain common attributes and do not make claims about the other groups and the political parties.

Political Science Chapter 5 Class 10 NCERT Solutions

Question 7. Point out the differences between the characteristics and values of popular movements ofNepal and Bolivia which took place for democracy in both of these countries.
Or
Enlist the differences between the movement in Nepal and Bolivia.

Answer:

Movement of Nepal:

1. It was for achieving the foundational challenge of democracy,
2. It was a period of transition from monarchy to democracy,
3. It was led by the Party Alliance (SPA) and the communist party of Nepal.

Movement of Bolivia:

1. It was for achieving the challenge of fundamental rights of democracy,
2. It was a period of facing international uncivil pressure on democratic countries,
3. It was initiated by FEDECOR, or organization formed by local engineers professors, and environmentalists.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science Chapter 4 Gender Religion And Caste

Question 1. What are the main reasons for the great change in the caste system?

Or

“Over the past years, great changes have been observed in the caste system.” Justify.

Answer:

The great changes in the caste system are partly due to the efforts of political leaders and social reformers such as Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar, and Periyar Ramaswami and partly due to other socio-economic changes in castes and caste system in modem India.

With economic development, large-scale urbanization, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility, and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.

Now, most of the time, in urban areas, it does not matter much who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant. The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

If a person who lived a century ago were to return to India, would be greatly surprised at the change that has come about in the country.

Question 2. “It is not politics that gets caste hidden, it is the caste that gets politicized.” Comment.

Answer:

In India, politics do not ride on casteism but in reality, casteism dominates politics. It means casteism is more harmful than the political system. We arguments:

1. There are certain pressure groups that are totally based on respective caste
   and they work and make political decisions only keeping in view the favor and
   interest of their own class-fellows
2. There are certain political parties which are mainly supported by certain
   castes- only.
3. For example in Tamil Nadu AIADMK is mainly a political party of Brahmans while the DMK is a political party of non-Brahmans. Similarly, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) is considered a political party of Dalits mainly
4. All political parties choose their candidates to contest elections; keeping in view
   the total number of voters of caste.
5. Voters cast their votes keeping in mind their own caste.
6. Even ministers are appointed on the basis of caste.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Political Science Chapter 4

Question 3. Is the caste system coming to an end? Explain.

Answer:

It is right that the caste system is declining but has not come to an end. It is so because of the fact that caste system is deeply rooted in our society and cannot be eradicated very easily.

People still prefer to adopt the occupation of their family or caste. Even in the modern age, people hesitate to marry out of their caste; instead, they like to within their caste. They never like to keep relations with the people of lower castes.

All of these are the main features of the caste system In other words, the caste system has not come to an end but is strengthening its position. Even politicians. are using the caste system as the main weapon in winning the elections. So caste system has lost its importance to a great extent socially but has not come to an end politically.

Question 4. What is gender division? How has it shaped politics?
Or
How does gender division shape politics? Explain in your own words.

Answer:

Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division. It is generally understood as natural and unchangeable and is based on social expectations. Although women constitute half of humanity, their role in public life, especially politics is minimal in most societies because of gender division.

Earlier only men participated in public affairs, voted, and contested for public offices. Gradually, the gender issue was raised in politics. There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women.

These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career prospects. In Norway, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Many radical women’s movements, women’s organizations, and activists have been demanding more women to control power by having more women as elected representatives. Panchayati Raj in India has reserved one-third of seats for women in local government bodies.

Question 5. What is the status of women in politics?
Or
Describe the status of women in politics.

Answer:.

India is among the bottom group of nations in the world in women’s representation in politics. India is behind the averages of several developing countries in Africa and Latin America.

One way to solve this problem is to make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. That is what Panchayati Raj has done in India. One-third of the seats in the local governments are now reserved for women.

Women’s organisations have been demanding similar reservations of at least one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for women A bill with this proposal has been pending before the Parliament for more than a decade This bill has not yet been passed

Question 6. What are the provisions of the Equal Wage Act?

Answer:

The Equal Wage Act was enacted to provide equal status to women. It provides
that equal wages should be paid to equal opportunities be provided to both men and women.

However,in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.

Political Science Chapter 4 Class 10 NCERT

Question 7. If Casteism and Communalism are bad, what makes feminism a good thing? Why don’t we oppose all those who divide society on any lines, caste, religion, or gender?

Answer:

Students can express their feelings in favor or against the topic. Given below is the view of an unknown individual. Casteism and Communalism are not good, because they are a hindrance in the working of democracy.

Feminism is considered good because it aims to secure equal rights for both men and. Caste is fixed by birth. A person cannot change their, or her caste until his are woman her death.

Question 8. What is the basis of gender division in society?

Answer:.

This is a form of hierarchical social division seen everywhere in most countries. It is rarely recognized in the study of politics. It is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.

Question 9. What are the gains of feminist movements that helped women in raising their status?

Answer:

These movements have helped women in improving their role in public life. Now we find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers, and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for them.

Class 10 Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste NCERT Solutions

Question 10. What are the reasons for the decline of the caste system?

Answer:

1. Social Reform Movement: Many social reform movements were started in the
   19th century like Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, etc., they always preached
   against the caste system.
   • The leaders of these reform movements were Swami Dayanand, Swami Vivekanand, Jyotiba Phule, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Mahatma Gandhi, etc., who denounced the caste system which led to the decline of
     the importance of the caste system.
2. Modern education: In earlier times, religious education was important and only higher castes could take advantage. However, with the spread of modern education, religious education came to an end.
   • Everyone could avail of education which ended discrimination. Now people are aware of their rights and the eminence of the caste system has broken down.
3. Advent Of Many New Occupations: Earlier people opted for the hereditary
   occupation. However, due to industrialization and modernization, new occupations came into being. People started to adopt occupations leaving their ancestral occupations which led to the decline of the caste system.

Question 11. I don’t care what my caste is. Why are we discussing all this in the textbook? Are not promoting casteism by talking about caste?

Answer:

Casteism has influenced Indian society. Politics is also under its influence. It has affected the working of democracy. By discussing casteism’s impacts, measures can be suggested to reduce its influence. We are not promoting casteism by talking about it. Some measures are suggested to reduce its influence through textbooks.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Minerals And Energy Resources Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. Name the two varieties of iron ore in India that have a high content of iron. Mention the names of places in India which have the richest iron ore deposits. Explain two effects on our economy due to the export of good quality ores in large quantities.

Answer:

The two varieties of iron ore ofIndia having high iron content are magnetite and haematite.

Magnetite is the finest quality iron ore with a very high iron content of upto 70 percent.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Haematite has an iron content of 50 to 60 per cent but is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used.

Rich iron-ore deposits are found in the following regions of India:

1. Odisha-Jharkhnnd bolt with high-grade haematite iron ore in Badampahar mines in the Mayurhhanj and Kooi or her districts of Odisha, and Goa and Noamundi in the Singhbhum district of.Jharkhand.
2. Durg-Bastar Chandrapur holt in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra with superhigh grade haematite iron ore, in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.
3. Bellary Chitradurga Chikmaglur Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats are known to be one of the largest deposits in the world.
4. Maharashtra-Goa belt includes Ratnagiri and Chandrapur in Maharashtra, and Bicholiam and Pali in Goa.

About half of the iron ore produced in the country is exported primarily to Japan, Korea, European countries and Gulf countries.

Paradip, Vishakhapatnam, Mangalore and Marmagao are the main iron exporting ports. The export of good quality ores in large quantities has positive as well as negative effects.

The export of the ore earns huge quantities of foreign exchange which is imperative for development activities.

The export of good quality ores has a negative effect on industrial production within the country which lags in the production of iron and steel in spite of having good reserves of iron ore.

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10

Question 2. What are the differences between hydroelectricity and thermal electricity? What is nuclear electricity?
Or
Write five differences between hydroelectricity and thermal electricity.

Answer:

Hydroelectricity and thermal electricity are two main forms of commercial conventional sources of energy.

The main points of difference between these two types of energy sources are as follows :

Nuclear electricity or atomic energy: It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms of minerals like uranium and thorium.

When such atomic alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. Hydroelectricity is produced by falling water from a great height on the turbines.

Question 3. Name the ore from which aluminium is obtained. Why is aluminium considered to be an important metal? Name the areas which have rich deposits of the ore of aluminium.

Answer:

Aluminium is obtained mainly from bauxite. Though several ores contain aluminium, it is from bauxite, a reddish-brown, residual clay-like substance, that alumina and later aluminium are obtained.

Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Aluminium is considered to be an important metal because of its properties and a wide variety of uses.

1. It combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness. Soit is used for the manufacturing of aircraft and transport vehicles.
2. It has great malleability. It is used for construction purposes to make doors, windows, rods and for making utensils.
3. It also has a quality of good conductivity and is used in electrical conductors. Rich deposits of bauxite, the ore of aluminium, are found mainly in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Balaspur-Katni in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

Odisha is the leading producer accounting for about 45 per cent of the total bauxite production in the country. Panchpatnali deposits in Koraput are an important bauxite reserve in Odisha.

Question 4. State the facts about coal found in India about the following:

1. Its total reserves
2. Its importance as a source of energy and as a source of raw material its main varieties

Answer:

Coal is the most abundantly available and important fossil fuel in India.

1. Total reserves of coal: India has a coal reserve of about 2,14,000 million tonnes.
   • They occur in the rock series of two main geological ages, the Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age, and in Tertiary deposits which are about 55 million years old.
2. It is important as a source of energy and as a source of raw material.
   • Coal is the main source of power generation in India. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs for both industries and domestic purposes.
   • It is the prime source of energy in the manufacturing of iron and steel. Coal is also used as a raw material for the chemical industry.
3. Its main varieties are:
   • Anthracite: Highest quality hard coal with more than 80% carbon content.
   • Bituminous: The most popular coal for commercial use with 60 to 80% carbon content.
   • Lignite: Low-grade brown coal with high moisture content and lesser combustible matter with about 60% content.
   • Peat: Produced from decaying plants in swamps with low carbon content of less than 50%, high moisture content and low heating capacity

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Solutions

Question 5. How is jyctrolcum an important source of both energy and raw material? Mention the ofthe areas which have rich petroleum deposits.

Answer:

Petroleum or mineral oil is a major energy source in India. It provides fuel for heating and lighting. It is used as a fuel for running automobiles, trains, aeroplanes and ships.

Petroleum is used for the generation of thermal electricity which is a major source of power for commercial purposes.

A number of products are obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum which are used as raw materials for various industries.

Chemical fertilisers, insecticides, and chemicals and plastics are manufactured from petrochemicals. It also provides raw materials for synthetic textile and synthetic rubber industries.

About 63% of India’s petroleum production comes from the drilling areas of Mumbai High and Bassien in the Arabian Sea.

Aliabet is another oilfield off-shore on the coast of Gujarat. 18% of petroleum production comes from Gujarat.

Ankaleshwar and Kalol are important oilfields in this region. 16% ofthe production comes from Assam. Assam is the oldest oil-producing state.

Oil was first discovered in Makum in Assam in 1867 and the first oilfield was drilled at Digboi. Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran-Hugrijan, and Sibsagar are important oilfields of Assam.

Oil has also been discovered in the Kaveri, Krishna and Godavari basins and at Jwalamukhi in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 6. What is the difference between an open-pit mine, a quarry and an underground mine with shafts?
Or
How is open-pit mining different from a quarry?

Answer:

Open-pit mining refers to a method of extracting rocks or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful minerals or rocks are found near the surface, that is, where the overburden (surface material covering the valuable deposit) is relatively thin.

The layer above the seam is removed and the exposed deposit is extracted using earth.- moving machinery.

A quarry is generally used for extracting building materials, such as dimension stone.

A quarry is usually shallower than open-pit mines. When minerals occur deep below the surface, where the overburden is thick, or the mineral occurs as veins in hard rock, the underground shaft mining method is used to extract the valued material.

Shaft mines have vertical access to the seam via elevators that carry workers and equipment into the mines. It is the deepest form of underground mining.

Question 7. Why do we need to conserve our mineral resources? Explain any three methods of conservation of minerals.

Answer:

Minerals are required in all spheres of our life – for agriculture, industries and domestic purposes. We are rapidly consuming the mineral resources that require millions of years to be created and concentrated.

The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.

They are finite resources that are non-renewable, yet are getting exhausted due to rapid exploitation. Continued extraction brings down their quality as well as increases the costs of extraction.

To save these valuable resources from exhaustion and to preserve thorns for future generations as well, we should conserve our mineral resources

1. Causing minimum wastage of minerals during the process of mining and processing of minerals.
2. Improving technologies to utilise low-grade ores at low cost.
3. Using minerals in a planned manner by adopting the policy of recycling and reuse. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes to reduce exploitation of present deposits.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 5

Question 8. In recent years, the use of which fuel for transport vehicles is gaining popularity? What development has provided impetus to India’s gas production?

Answer:

1. In recent years, the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for transport vehicles is gaining popularity. It is replacing liquid fuels like petrol and diesel.
   • The liquid fuels obtained from petroleum are exhausting rapidly and are costlier. They cause enormous pollution.
   • Hence, the use of Compressed Natural Gas is encouraged to control pollution, protect the environment and conserve petroleum which is exhausting rapidly.
   • In Delhi, CNG has already gained wide popularity. CNG is being encouraged with the motto of a cleaner city, with government initiative.
2. The 1700 km long Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur cross-country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassein with the fertiliser, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.
   • This artery has provided impetus to India’s gas production by linking gas-producing areas to their market.
   • As gas can easily be transported via pipelines, the natural gas can be taken from source areas directly to their demand areas.

Question 9. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? What are its three major forms? Write the main features of each form.

Answer:

Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy requirement. India has vast and rich reserves of coal, distributed in different regions of India.

The Peninsular Plateau region, especially the Damodar Valley Region of Jharkhand and West Bengal, the Son, Mahanadi, Godavari and Wardha Valleys of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh have rich deposits of Gondwana coal.

In the northeastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, tertiary coal is found. In Tamil Nadu, lignite deposits are found. The three major forms of coal are anthracite, bituminous and lignite.

1. Anthracite is the highest quality coal with more than 80% carbon content and very low moisture content. It is hard, compact and deep-black in colour. It is found in the Jharia coalfields of Jharkhand in small quantities.
2. Bituminous is the most widely used coal. High-grade bituminous coal is used in metallurgical industries, especially for melting iron in blast furnaces.
   1. So it is also known as metallurgical coal. Bituminous coal contains 60% to 80% carbon, low moisture, and has high heating capacity.
   2. It is formed when coal is buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is found in large quantities in the Jharia coalfield of Jharkhand and the Raniganj coalfield of West Bengal.
3. Lignite contains about 60% carbon and has a high moisture content. It is a low-grade brown coal which is soft and has low heating capacity. It is used in
   thermal power stations. Principal reserves are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.

Question 10. State any four differences between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

Answer:

Question 11. Why is Chota Nagpur a storehouse of minerals?

Answer:

Chota Nagpur is a storehouse of minerals because It is made up of igneous and sedimentary rocks Copper, zinc and lead are obtained from igneous rocks. Coal and iron ore are obtained from sedimentary rocks.

Question 12. Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. State examples.

Answer:

Metallic minerals can be classified into ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.

Geography Chapter 5 Class 10 NCERT Solutions

Question 13. What factors make the production of solar energy convenient in India? What are its uses? Name the largest solar plant ofIndia.
Or
Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in western parts ofIndia?

Answer:

The western parts ofIndia, especially the Thar deserts region receive undisturbed sunshine for most parts of the year.

This area has great potential for the development of energy and can be utilised as the largest solar power house ofIndia. Solar energy is becoming fast popular in different parts of the country, especially in rural and remote areas.

It can be used for cooking, heating water, pumping, refrigeration, street lighting and room heating in cold areas.

The largest solar plant ofIndia is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat. The solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans.

Question 14. State the facts about coal found in India with reference to its distribution.

Answer:

The major resources of metallurgical coal belong to the Gondwana age and are located mainly in the northeastern part of the peninsula.

Rich reserves of coal are found in the Damodar Valley region in the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Raniganj in West Bengal, and Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand are important coalfields.

One-third of the total production comes from here. Coal is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys, Korba in Chhattisgarh.

Singrauli and Penah-kanban valley in Madhya Pradesh, Talcher in Odisha, Kamptee and Chandrapur in Maharashtra and Singareni in Andhra Pradesh are important coal mines.

Tertiary coal occurs in the northeastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Principal lignite reserves are found in Neyveliin Tamil Nadu.

Question 15. Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Or
Explain four points of distinction between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

Answer:

Question 16. What values does the use of biofuel promote?

Answer:

Values promoted by the use of bio-fuel are:

1. Environmental concern
2. Self-reliance of rural households
3. Management of natural resources

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Question Answers

Question 17. The conventional sources of energy are fast getting depleted. Little do we realise that if we are not careful, there will be an acute shortage. Name two conventional energy sources. How can citizens play an important role in conserving energy resources?

Answer:

Conventional sources of energy are depleting at a very fast rate. If we are not going to develop a non-conventional source of energy, our future is going to be bleak and stagnant.

1. Coal, petroleum.
2. We as a citizen can play an important role in the conservation of energy resources in the following ways:
   • We should ensure careful and judicious use of resources.
   • We should stress on economical extraction of resources.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science Chapter 3 Democracy And Diversity Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Explain the factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions.

Answer:

The three crucial factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions are:

1. The outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If they see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. It will be much easier if people see their identities as multiple and complementary to the national identity.
2. It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
3. It depends on how the government reacts to the demands of different groups. If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 2. ‘Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries’. Explain with examples.

Answer:

Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries. It does not matter whether the country is small or big.

India is a vast country with many communities. Belgium is a small country with many communities. Even countries such as Germany and Sweden which were once highly homogeneous, are undergoing rapid changes with an influx of people from other parts of the world.

Migrants bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social community. In this sonata, most countries of the world are multicultural having social divisions.

Democracy and Diversity NCERT Class 10 Solutions

Question 3. Differentiate between overlapping and cross-cutting differences
Or
What are overlapping and cross-cutting differences?

Answer:

Question 4. Can the politics and social divisions be allowed to mix?

Answer:

In fact, at first sight, it would appear that the combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive. Democracy involves competition among various political parties.

Their competition tends to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict violence, or even the disintegration of a country. We take the case of Northern Ireland.

This region of the United Kingdom has been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict. In consequence, its population is divided into two major sects of Christianity.

53% are Protestants, while 44% are Roman Catholics. The fight between the two led hundreds of civilians, militants, and security forces to be killed.

The above example leads us to conclude that political and social divisions must not be allowed to mix. But at the same time, every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to such disasters.

NCERT Class 10 Political Science Chapter 3: Democracy and Diversity Summary

Question 5. ‘Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity\ Justify the statement.

Answer:

In a democracy, political expression of social division is very normal and can be healthy. We have seen that in India and Belgium, social diversities have been accommodated in a very positive manner.

Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity. However a positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate it does not come easily.

People who feel marginalized, deprived, and discriminated against have to fight against injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power.

However, history shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Question 6. Do social differences exist in all the countries? Explain in your own words.

Answer:

Yes. social differences exist in almost all countries irrespective of the size of the population.

They are based on many factors like race, culture, religion, etc. When two social differences overlap, social division occurs in the society. We can see diversity in many countries like Belgium, India, Sri Lanka, etc.

Question 7. How is the combination of politics and social divisions very dangerous and explosive?

Answer:

Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competition tends to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence, or even the disintegration of a country.

NCERT Chapter 3: Democracy and Diversity Discussion Questions

Question 8. Some Dalit groups decided to participate in the UN Conference Against Racism in Durban in 2001, demanding the inclusion of caste in the agenda of this conference. Here are three reactions to this move:

Amandeep Kaur (a government official): Our Constitution declares caste discrimination to be illegal. If some caste discrimination continues, it is an internal matter. I am opposed to this being raised in an international forum. Oinam (a sociologist): I am opposed to this because caste and race are not similar divisions.

Caste is a social division, while race is a biological one. Raising caste in this conference on racism would mean equating the two. Ashok (a Dalit activist): The argument about the internal matter is a way of preventing an open discussion of oppression and discrimination. Race is not purely biological.

It is as much a legal and sociological category as caste. Caste discrimination must be raised in this conference. Which of the three opinions do you agree with most and why?

Answer:

1. I agree with the opinion of Ashok (a Dalit activist).
2. I agree with him because according to him race is not biological. It is a legal and sociological category, as caste. In the UN conference, issues based on caste discrimination must be raised.

Question 9. So you are saying that too many small divisions are better than a Single big division? Are you also saying that politics is a force of unity?

Answer:

In a democratic country, political expression of social division is normal and can be healthy. It allows different social groups to express their feelings and get the government to pay attention to them.

Different kinds of expression in politics result in canceling one or the other out. In that way, they reduce their identity which leads to the strengthening of democracy.

Key Concepts of Democracy and Diversity NCERT Class 10 Chapter 3

Question 10. Which three values are responsible for determining the outcome of the politics of social divisions?

Answer:

The following values are responsible for determining the outcomes of politics of social division:

1. The way the people perceive their identity.
2. The manner in which the political leaders raise their demands of any community.
3. The determining factors of the government’s reaction to the demands of different groups.

Question 11. On what basis are social differences created?

Answer:

1. Based On Physical Abilities Or Disabilities: There is discrimination based on gender, they are tall or short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.
2. Differences Based On Choices: Some people are atheists, they do not believe in God or any religion. While some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they were born into.
3. Based On Accident Of Birth: Normally we do not choose to belong to the community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday lives.

Class 10 Political Science NCERT Chapter 3: Democracy and Diversity Review

Question 12. How did Bulgaria make sure that Roma people should dress and behave like other people from Bulgaria?
Or
Do you think the Bulgarian government should try to ensure that the Roma people dress and behave like other people from Bulgaria?

Answer:

In a democratic country, every person has the right to freedom of speech, freedom, etc. People can also wear the type of dress of their choice and behave on their own without harming others.

No one can compel a particular community to dress other than their own identified dress. Because in democracy, everyone’s identity must be protected. So, the Bulgarian government should not try to ensure that the Roma people dress and behave like other people from Bulgaria.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Political Science Chapter 2 Federalism

Question 1. Write any five features of federalism that have been incorporated into the Indian Constitution.

Answer:

The Features Of Federalism Are As Follows:

1. The jurisdictions of the respective levels of government are specified in the constitution. So, their existence and authority are constitutionally guaranteed.
2. There are two or more levels of government. Different tiers govern the same citizen, but each has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation, and administration.
3. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both levels of government.
4. Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and the powers of different levels of government. The highest court decides disputes arise among different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
5. Dual objectives: safeguard and promote the unity of the country.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 2. Mention the major ways for the success of federalism in India.
Or
How does federalism work in India?

Answer:

Relation Of Centre And State: The center-state relation is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. The period after 1990 saw the rise of regional political parties in many states of the country. So federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the constitution came into force.

Language Policy: A second test for the Indian federation is the language policy. Under this policy, Hindi was identified as the official language. However, there were many safeguards to protect other languages, recognized as “scheduled languages” by the constitution.

Federalism NCERT Class 10 Political Science Chapter 2 Solutions

Decentralisation Of Power: Power has been decentralized to the grass-roots at the local level. Local body governments have been assigned exclusive areas of responsibilities and functions.

Linguistic State: This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Some states were created not on the basis of language but to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, or geography.

Those included states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand. The formation of linguistic States has actually made the country more united. It has made administration easier.

Question 3. Describe the language policy of India.

Answer:

The Indian constitution has recognized 21 other languages besides Hindi. After independence, local leaders of different regions demanded the creation of a state on a linguistic basis.

Some of the national leaders feared that the formation of states on a linguistic basis could lead to the disintegration of the country. But states on a linguistic basis were created and it made administrative work easier.

Leaders of our country adopted a very cautious policy in spreading the use of Hindi in all the states. Hindi was made the national language and the use of English as an official language was also started.

In 1965 use of the English language as an official language was banned in Tamil Nadu and it took a violent form. The central government agreed to use English as the official language along with Hindi.

Though the central government wanted to promote Hindi as an official language, it did not want to impose it. Hindi in those states which speak other languages. This was a very flexible approach adopted by the Indian leaders and this approach has maintained national unity, unlike Sri Lanka where a particular language was promoted.

NCERT Class 10 Political Science Chapter 2: Federalism Summary

Question 4. Describe the role of the Judiciary in the Indian constitution.

Answer:

Although judges are appointed by the executives, they can check the functioning of executives, or laws made by the legislature. The courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the power of different levels of government.

In federal states, there is a written and rigid constitution that cannot be changed easily. But sometimes, the legislature passes such laws that are contrary to the previous laws of the constitution.

Then judiciary stops the implementation of laws that violate the constitution. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision.

The highest court acts as umpire disputes arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers. The judiciary is also known as the custodian of the constitution.

Question 5. Explain the concept of three tiers of government in Indian Federalism.

Answer:

Federalism is a system in which two or more two tiers of government are there. Generally two tiers of government function at two different levels. The first one is the union Government which runs the administration of the whole of the country.

The second one is the State Government which runs the administration of any particular geographical unit within the country. In federalism either the Union is more powerful or both the Union and the States are equally powerful.

In India, the Union is more powerful than the States. But India is a very vast country where people of diverse cultures live. It’s not possible to administer them through a two-tier system because neither Union nor State Governments are in a position to estimate the local problems.

That’s why a three-tier government has been formed in the Indian federal set up so that power could be shared even up to the grassroots level. Three-tier is known as local self-government.

For urban areas municipalities are there and for rural areas, Panchayati Raj institutions are there. In this way, Indian federalism has three tiers of government, i.e. Union, State, and Local self-government.

Question 6. Are YOU suggesting that regionalism is good for our democracy? Are you serious?

Answer:

No, regionalism is not good for our democracy. It is one of the major challenges, which our country is facing at present.

It is the cause of creating tension among the different communities in the country. Sometimes it leads to violence and demand for secession from the country. It is dangerous to our national unity and integrity.

Question 7. Why has been special status accorded to certain states? Discuss the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.

Answer:

Certain states in India have been accorded special status in the constitution because of diverse populations and regional diversities.

Special status has been accorded to Jammu and Kashmir due to the odd circumstances that made the state join the Indian Union and become its integral part. Non-permanent citizens of the state can’t buy or sell in J&K.

NCERT Solutions Chapter 2: Federalism Explanation and Key Concepts

Question 8. The prime minister runs the country. The Chief Minister runs the state. Logically, then, the chairperson of Zila Parishad should run the district. Why does the D.M. or Collector administer the district?

Answer:

The administration of the district cannot be given to the chairman of ZilaParishad as in that case each district will have its own laws and policies which will lead to confusion. In many districts, disputes may arise among many functionaries.

To run the district administration smoothly, its administration is carried out by the D.M. or Collector. Due to this, the state government policies and decisions can be implemented properly.

Question 9. How does the Judiciary play an important role in the Indian federation substantiate’?

Answer:

The Judiciary is an important independent organ of the state of India. It plays a crucial role in the existing power-sharing management of the federal system of government in India.

In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court pass the necessary orders and give directions. Thus Judiciary is the guardian of Indian Federalism.

NCERT Solutions Chapter 2: Federalism – Detailed Notes

Question 10. Federation is suitable only for big countries. Do you agree with the statement or not? Why? Why not?

Answer:

Federal means power sharing among the center and its regional units. It is suitable for big countries where the area of the country is large, the population huge and a wide disparity in the language, culture, and religion of the people because it becomes difficult to effectively manage.

It is also suitable for small countries even in a smaller country like Belgium, which has complex diversity in respect to religion, language an culture, federalism works successfully.

The rationale behind the federal system is to share power so that every social group is equally represented in the governance. In short, federalism is suitable for both big and small countries.

Manufacturing Industries Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. How will you classify the industries on the basis of capital investment, basis of ownership and on the basis of raw material and finished goods?

Answer:

Industries can be classified into the following categories:

1. On the basis of capital investment:
   • Large-scale industries make large capital investments of more than one crore of rupees. They employ a large number of people and use a large number of machinery, For example., cotton textile.
   • Small-scale industries involve a capital outlay of less than rupees one crore, employ a smaller number of labourers and use few power-driven types of machinery, For example., cycle parts manufacturing.
2. On the basis of ownership:
   • Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies, For example., Rourkela Steel Plant.
   • Private sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals, For example., Bajaj Auto Ltd.
   • Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and individual entrepreneurs, For example., Oil India Ltd.
   • Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed by the producers and suppliers of raw materials or by workers. They pool their resources and share the profits and losses proportionately, For example., the sugar industry in Maharashtra.
3. On the basis of bulk or weight of raw material and finished products:
   • Heavy industries use bulky raw materials and their finished products are also heavy, For example., the iron and steel industry.
   • Light industries use light raw materials and their finished products are also light, For example., electrical industries produce bulbs.

Manufacturing Industries NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Solutions

Question 2. Describe the factors responsible for the localisation of the cotton textile industry in the Maharashtra-Gujarat region in the early years. What factors were responsible for the decentralisation of the industry? Mention three main problems faced by the industry. What is the contribution of the textile industry to the Indian economy?

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Answer:

The favourable factors for the location of the cotton textile industry in the Maharashtra-Gujarat region in the early years were as follows:

1. Availability of raw cotton from the cotton growing belt of Deccan in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
2. The port of Mumbai facilitates the export of cotton goods and the import of machinery and other inputs.
3. The moist climate in the belt facilitated spinning.
4. Market for the finished goods.
5. Finance or capital from Parsi and Bhatia traders.
6. Good transport network.
7. Availability of cheap and skilled labourers.

Huge markets, the development of transport networks, banking facilities and the availability of cheap electricity contributed to the decentralisation of cotton mills in the country.

Weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, zari, embroidery, etc., prevalent among local weavers in different parts of India.

Three major problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are:

1. Erratic Power Supply
2. Old and obsolete machinery
3. Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy:

It contributes significantly to industrial production, 14% of the total production of industries comes from textiles.

1. It provides employment to about 35 million people directly.
2. It contributes about 24.6% of the foreign exchange earnings of the country.
3. Textiles contribute 4% towards GDP.

NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries Summary

Question 3. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? Name the integrated steel plants of India. What are the problems faced by this industry? What is India’s present position with regard to manufacturing and consumption of iron and steel?

Answer:

Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric and induction furnaces, and use steel scrap and sponge iron as raw materials. They may have re-rollers manufacturing bars and rods.

They produce mild and alloy steel, and also liquid steel which are turned into ingots. They are decentralised secondary units scattered across the country to meet local demands.

An integrated steel plant is large and handles everything in one complex from assembling raw material and melting iron ore in the blast furnace to steel making, rolling and shaping.

They are usually concentrated near the sources of raw materials and markets.

Presently there are 10 integrated steel plants in India, which are as follows:

1. Indian Iron and Steel Company, IISCO at Kulti and Burnpur, West Bengal.
2. Tata Iron and Steel Company, TISCO at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
3. Visveswarayya Iron and Steel Plant at Bhadravati, Karnataka.
4. Bhilai Steel Plant at Bhilai, Chhattisgarh.
5. Bokaro Steel Plant at Bokaro, Jharkhand.
6. Durgapur Steel Plant at Durgapur, West Bengal.
7. Rourkela Steel Plant at Rourkela, Odisha.
8. Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant at Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
9. Salem Steel Plant, Salem, Tamil Nadu.
10. Vijayanagar Steel Plant in Karnataka.

Though India is an important iron and steel-producing country in the world, we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to the following problems faced by the industry:

1. High costs and limited availability of coking coal
2. Lower productivity of labour
3. Irregular supply of energy
4. Poor infrastructure

Today with 32.8 million tonnes of steel production, India ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In spite of the large quantity of production of steel, per capita consumption of steel per annum is only 32 kg.

Question 4. In which region are most of the jute mills of India concentrated? Why? List any four challenges faced by this industry.

Answer:

Most of the jute mills of India are concentrated in the Hooghly basin in West Bengal.

It is a narrow belt 98 km long and 3 km wide along the Hooghly River. The factors responsible for the localisation of the jute industry in this region are as follows:

1. Proximity to the jute-producing areas of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. West Bengal is the leading producer of raw jute in the country and provides the mills with the required raw material.
2. Abundant water for processing of raw jute.
3. Cheap water transport, supported by a good network of railways and roadways, facilitates the movement of raw materials to the mills.
4. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
5. Banking and insurance facilities from the city of Kolkata.
6. Port facilities of Kolkata for export of jute goods.

Challenges faced by the jute industry are as follows:

1. Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
2. Competition from other jute goods producing countries like Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Egypt and Brazil.
3. Decrease in demand for packing materials and jute carpet, and high cost of production.
4. Old and inefficient machinery.

To face the competition from synthetic fibres and other countries producing jute, the government has taken measures to boost up production of jute goods.

In 2005, the National Jute Policy was formulated with this objective. The government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging has resulted in an increase in internal demand for jute in recent years.

NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries Questions and Answers

Question 5. Write about the role of the Information Technology industry in modern India. What are software technology parks and where in India are they located?

Answer:

The information Technology industry or IT as it is popularly known specialises in Research and Development (R and D), the manufacture of electronics and the production of hardware and software.

A major impact of this industry in India has been on employment generation.

Up to 31st March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million people. This number was expected to increase eightfold in the following 3 to 4 years.

This means that by 2008-2009 the IT industry was expected to provide employment to nearly 8 million people. The industry has also provided employment opportunities to women, and about 30% of the people employed in this sector are women.

The IT industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last few years because of its fast-growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.

The continuing growth in hardware and software is the key to the success of the IT industry in India. The IT industry has provided India with a special position in the industrial world.

Software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facilities for software exports. There are 17 software technology parks in India.

They are located at Srinagar, Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Mysore, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram and Vishakhapatnam.

Question 6. Discuss the role of NTPC in paving the way to control environmental degradation.

Answer:

NTPC is a major power-providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environmental Management System) 14001.

The corporation has a proactive approach to preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil, gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants. This is achieved through the following methods:

1. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting the latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balances and encouraging afforestation.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
5. Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations. The inputs, outputs, factors of production, etc.

Question 7. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries”. Elaborate the statement.

Answer:

Resource utilisation cannot be made without manufacturing industries. Manufacturing industries transform raw materials into finished products which add value to it.

Countries having a good number of manufacturing industries are able to utilise resources more fruitfully and therefore they are considered advanced countries.

India’s contribution to the manufacturing industry is 17% as compared to 30% of Japan and 25% of France, respectively.

Manufacturing Industries: NCERT Class 10 Chapter 6 Revision Notes

Question 8. Explain any three factors which are responsible for the decentralisation of the cotton industry in India.

Answer:

The following are the factors which are responsible for the decentralisation of the cotton textile industry in India.

1. The industry caters to the needs of large domestic markets.
2. Cotton growing areas spread over many new areas, For example., Rajasthan and Punjab.
3. Decentralised to provide the scope of incorporating traditional skills and design weaving in cotton, silk, zari embroidery, etc.

Question 9. Explain any three factors that affect the location of industries in a region.

Answer:

Industrial locations are complex in nature. They are influenced by both physical and human factors. Three important factors that influence the location of industries in a region are as follows:

1. Availability of raw material: Raw materials required for the industry must be available cheaply and at close range or at well-linked places. In the case of industries using bulky raw materials like iron, bauxite, etc., the ideal location is near the raw material sources.
2. Power resources: Power, energy or fuel is essential for the working of any industry. They are required for running the machines and as fuel in smelters in the case of mineral-based industry. So, power resources like coal and electricity must be available in abundance in the vicinity where an industry is located.
3. Market: The goods produced must have a market for their sale. The market influences the demand as well as the type of goods produced in a region. For example, cold regions like Jammu and Kashmir will have requirements for woollen garments. So woollen textiles will be located in that region. Consumer goods industries and automobile industries are located near big towns and cities.

NCERT Solutions for Manufacturing Industries Chapter 6 Geography

Question 10. A factory produces aluminium saucepans with plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a smelter and a plastic component from another factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent to a warehouse:

1. (1) Which raw material is likely to be the most expensive one to transport and why?

(2) Which raw material is likely to be the cheapest one to transport and why?

2. Do you think the cost of transporting the finished products after packaging is likely to be cheaper or more expensive than the cost of transporting aluminium and plastic? Why?

Answer:

(1) Aluminium because it is very bulky and cannot be easily transported to faraway areas.

(2) Plastic because it is a very light material. It is easily available in the nearby areas.

2. The transporting of finished goods is likely to be more costly because these goods are carefully packed and handled than the raw materials.

2. Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units?

Answer:

The cement manufacturing units must be closed to raw materials.

1. They need a continuous supply of electricity.
2. Region hours can be well developed by railway and transport networks.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. Distinguish between Rabi and Kharif season.

Answer:

Difference between Rabi and Kharif season:

Rabi Crops:

1. Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.
2. Some of the important Rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard.
3. States from north and north-western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other Rabi crops.

Agriculture NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Solutions

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Kharif Crops:

1. Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in the different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October.
2. Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soya bean.
3. Some of the most important rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the Konkan coast along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Recently, paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana.

Question 2. What is Horticulture? Name the fruits grown in India. Mention the names of the states also.

Answer:

India produces about 13% of the world vegetables. It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.

Horticulture is an art of cultivating fruit and vegetables. India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India is the producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.” India is known for:

1. Mangoes: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal
2. Oranges: Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
3. Bananas: Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
4. Lichi and guava: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
5. Pineapples: Meghalaya
6. Grapes: Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
7. Apples, pears, apricots, and walnuts: Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. These are in great demand all over the world.

Question 3. Distinguish between subsistence and commercial agriculture.
Or
What is the difference between commercial and subsistence crops.

Answer:

Subsistence agriculture:

1. Subsistence agriculture is practised on the small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family or community labour.
2. Farmers and their family produce cereals for themselves and for the local market.
3. It is practised in thickly populated areas.

Commercial agriculture:

1. Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised. Farmers use higher doses of modern inputs, For example., high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
2. Crops are grown on a large scale with a view to export them to other countries.
3. It is practised in sparsely populated areas. Wheat, cotton, sugarcane, etc., are mainly raised.

NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4: Agriculture Summary

Question 4. What are the four important fibre crops of India? Describe any two of them.

Answer:

Four important fibre crops of India are: Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Natural silk.

Cotton:

1. India is known as the original home of the cotton plant.
2. India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world.
3. Cotton grows well in the drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
4. It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
5. It is a Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
6. Major cotton producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Jute:

1. Jute is known as golden fibre.
2. It grows well on well-drained fertile soil in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.
3. High temperature is required during the time of growth.
4. Major jute-producing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, and Meghalaya.
5. It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets, and other artifacts.

Question 5. Describe the conditions which lead to technological and institutional reforms in India.

Answer:

1. Agriculture has been in practice in India for thousands of years.
2. Continued uses of land without well-matched techno-institutional reforms lead to a slowdown in the pace of agricultural development.
3. In spite of the development in irrigation, most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoons and the natural fertility of the soil.
4. Our population grew at a faster rate than agriculture production.
5. More than 60% of India’s population depends on agriculture.

Key Concepts of Agriculture NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4

Question 6. Mention important technological and institutional reforms introduced in India after independence in the 1960s and 1970s.

Answer:

After independence following technological and institutional reforms were introduced but all these failed to strengthen our agriculture. These led to the concentration of development in a few selected areas.

1. Collective farming was introduced.
2. Land holdings were consolidated.
3. The cooperative movement was started in Indian agriculture.
4. The Zamindari system was abolished.
5. ‘Land reform’ was introduced in the First Five Year Plan.
6. The Green Revolution and related technologies were introduced such as the use of HYV of seed, fertilizers, modern machinery, and inputs.
7. White Revolution (Operation Flood) was introduced to increase milk production.

Question 7. Write any five features of the comprehensive land development program initiated during the 1980s and 1990s.

Answer:

The comprehensive land development program included both institutional and technical reforms. The following reforms were introduced:

1. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
2. The establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies, and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direction.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy availability of inputs.
4. Personal Accident Insurance Schemes (PAIS) and some other schemes were
   introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
5. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers were
   introduced on radio and television.
6. The government also announced minimum support prices and remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

Question 8. What are the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement and the Bloodless Revolution in the field of agriculture?

Answer:

Vinobha Bhave introduced voluntary redistribution of farmlands to the poor landless farmers for their economic well-being. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’.

Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan.

This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is also known as Bloodless Revolution.

Question 9. Describe the contribution of agriculture to the national economy.

Answer:

Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy.

1. Its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population continues to be as high as 63% in 2001.
2. India is an agriculturally important country.
3. Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities.
4. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume.
5. Besides foodgrains, it also produces raw materials for various industries.
6. Moreover, some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc., are also exported.
7. All other sectors of the Indian economy heavily depend on agriculture for their growth.

Question 10. State any five efforts made by the Government of India to modernize our agriculture.

Answer:

Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernize agriculture.

1. Establishment of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
2. Establishment of agricultural universities.
3. Establishment of veterinary services and animal breeding centers.
4. Initiating horticulture development.
5. Initiating research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast.
6. Improving the rural infrastructure.

NCERT Solutions for Agriculture Chapter 4 Geography

Question 11. Explain the challenges faced by Indian agriculture.

Answer:

Indian farmers are facing big challenges.

1. Our farmers cannot face stiff international competition.
2. Our government has reduced investment in agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanisation.
3. Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to an increase in the cost of production.
4. Import duty has been reduced on agricultural products which leads to large inflow of foreign agro products in the country.
5. Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the employment in agriculture.
6. Many farmers are committing suicide in several states of the country.
7. Land under agriculture is decreasing.
8. There are no alternative sources of livelihood for the farmers.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. Multipurpose river projects are referred to as the ‘temples of modern India.’ Elucidate.

Answer:

Multipurpose River Projects were launched after Independence with the approach of integrated water resource management.

The objective was to provide multifarious benefits that would lead to the development and progress of the nation, overcoming the handicap of its colonial past.

Water Resources NCERT Class 10 Geography Solutions

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Jawaharlal Nehru had proudly proclaimed the present-day dams or multipurpose projects as ‘temples of modern India’.

The reason behind this was that these projects integrated the development of agriculture with rapid industrialisation and led to the progress of both village and urban economies.

The benefits provided by Multipurpose Projects include:

1. Providing water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.
2. Irrigation of agricultural fields during the dry season as well as in regions of scanty or inadequate rainfall. This helps in increasing agricultural productivity and bringing more area under cultivation.
3. Flood control by regulating the flow of water.
4. Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes.
5. Generation of hydroelectricity for our industries and homes.
6. Inland navigation for the purpose of transport and trade.
7. Fish breeding
8. Recreational facilities
9. Soil conservation through afforestation.

As a result of these benefits that lead to the all-round development of the nation, the multipurpose projects are termed as ‘temples of modern India.’

NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 3: Water Resources Summary

Question 2. In recent years, multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition. Explain.

Answer:

In recent years, multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition for a variety of reasons.

1. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow and lead to sedimentation and rockier stream beds which become poorer habitats for aquatic life.
2. Fragmentation of the river, its diversion and barricading due to the building of dams affect migration and spawning of aquatic life.
3. The reservoirs that are created on the floodplain overflow and submerge the existing vegetation and soil, and consequently lead to their decomposition and land degradation.
4. Ironically, the dams that were constructed with the objective of flood control have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir and the release of excess water during heavy rains.
5. The primary cause of resistance to some multipurpose projects like ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and “Tehri Dam Andolan’ by activists of social and ecological movements is a large-scale displacement of local communities who lose their livelihood when ousted from their land for the projects.
6. Landowners and large farmers, industrialists and a few urban centres are benefited while the more numerous local people who give up their land for the projects hardly receive any benefit. This widens the social gap between the rich and the poor and leads to social tensions.
7. Interstate water disputes with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of multipurpose projects are leading to tension between states, for example. Kaveri- Godavari dispute, Sabarmati water dispute, etc.
8. It has also been observed that multipurpose projects induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pests, and led to pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

Question 3. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose river projects.
Or
Explain any three advantages and disadvantages of each of the multipurpose river valley projects.

Answer:

Advantages of multipurpose river projects:

1. Such projects help in checking floods.
2. Ample water is available for irrigation.
3. These projects help in electricity generation.
4. Water from these projects is used for domestic supply and industrial uses.
5. Generally, surrounding areas of these projects are developed into tourist and picnic spots.
6. These are used for inland navigation and fish breeding.

Disadvantages of multipurpose river projects:

1. Displacement of people: In the process of construction of a dam, people living in a large area are evicted and displaced.
2. Loss to land: Land near a dam suffers from seepage, water-logging and immersion conditions.
3. Loss of lives and property: A slight cleft or rift in the wall of a dam may result in the inundation of a vast area around and the loss of human lives and property.
4. Loss to vegetation and soil: A dam submerges the existing vegetation in the vast region around it. Soil erosion, landslides and a rupture are formed in the parental rock.

Water Resources: NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Questions and Answers

Question 4. What are interstate water disputes? Why are such issues raised? Cite examples of interstate water disputes.

Answer:

Tension created between two or more states regarding the sharing of river water mainly due to the construction of multipurpose projects is termed an interstate water dispute.

Interstate water disputes arise between states regarding the sharing of the costs and benefits of multipurpose projects.

When a river flows through two or more states, damming in one state may affect the flow and volume in another state.

If the flow is not regulated, one state may derive multiple benefits from the river, and another state may suffer leading to interstate disputes.

Example:

1. The Krishna Godavari dispute is due to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna.
2. Mandvi-Mahadayi-Vansadhara dispute between Goa, Karnataka Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

NCERT Solutions Chapter 3: Water Resources Key Concepts

Question 5. Write about the rooftop rainwater harvesting system prevalent in Meghalaya. How is the bamboo drip irrigation system employed for water harvesting in Meghalaya?

Answer:

Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya.

Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya, is situated only at a distance of 55 km from Mawsynram, the place receiving the highest rainfall in the world.

Yet, it faces acute water shortage as it is located in the rain shadow area on the leeward side of Khasi hills.

So, nearly every household has a rainwater harvesting structure to tap whatever amount of rainfall is received by the area for use during dry periods.

Nearly 15 to 25% of the total water requirement of the households comes from rooftop rainwater harvesting. The Bamboo-drip irrigation system prevalent in Meghalaya is 200 years 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water using bamboo pipes.

Bamboo grows naturally in plenty in the region. Hence, bamboos are used instead of pipes for the collection of water free of cost. Bamboo pipes are used to divert water from perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.

The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it is distributed into branches, again made and laid out with different forms of bamboo pipes.

The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions. The last channel section enables water to be dropped near the roots of the plant.

About 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.

NCERT Class 10 Water Resources: Solutions and Explanation

Question 6. Collect information on how industries are polluting our water resources.
Or
How are industries responsible for water pollution? Cite reasons.

Answer:

Normally, water pollution is caused by the discharge of domestic and industrial wastes into water which affects water quality. The industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture make it more hazardous for human use.

These uses have affected the quality and quantity of water in the following ways:

1. Our villages particularly suffer on account of the quality of water available for domestic use. About half of our villages are yet to be provided with safe drinking water.
2. Most of India’s rivers, especially the tributaries of the main rivers have become sinks of domestic and industrial wastes. The Supreme Court, in a recent judgement, described the river Yamuna as the ‘City’s Drain’.
3. Today, most rivers are health hazards, threatening the health and livelihoods of many people.
4. Water contamination and deteriorating water quality have caused degradation of our natural ecosystems.
5. Over-exploitation and mismanagement of water have impoverished our resource base and caused ecological crises.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 3: Water Resources Review and Notes

Question 7. An area or region may have ample water resources but still face water scarcity. Explain why such circumstances arise.

Answer:

1. Water scarcity in most of the cities is an outcome of a dense and growing population.
2. The multiplying urban centres and urban lifestyles of the huge population have not only added to water and power requirements but have also aggravated the problem by over-exploiting available groundwater resources.
3. A large and growing population results in greater demands for water and consequently unequal access to it, especially in rural areas.
4. More water is required for domestic use by the multiplying population. Over and above, available water resources are over-exploited for expanding irrigation and dry season farming to facilitate higher foodgrain production.
5. Over-irrigation may lead to falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability and food security of the people.
6. An ever-increasing number of industries with their heavy consumption of water and hydroelectricity have placed undue pressure on the existing freshwater resources.
7. Another situation of water scarcity arises when the available water resources are rendered unusable due to pollution by the discharge of effluents from industries, use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers in agriculture and dumping of domestic wastes.

NCERT Class 10 Geography: Water Resources – Detailed Solutions

Question 8. Water is available in abundance in India but even then scarcity of water is experienced in major parts of the country. Explain.

Answer:

India receives nearly 4% of the global precipitation. The total renewable water resources of India are estimated at 1,897 sq km per annum.

Despite the fact that water is available in abundance in India, scarcity of water is experienced in major parts of the country. At present India ranks 133rd in the world in terms of water availability per person per annum.

It is predicted that by 2025, large parts of India will join countries or regions having absolute water scarcity. Geographically, some parts of India like the desert region of Rajasthan receive low rainfall and are drought-prone.

Thus, water shortage is a common and regular problem in such regions. The metropolitan cities of India like Mumbai and Kolkata face acute water shortage on account of large and dense populations, and their urban lifestyles requiring more water and power consumption.

The multi-storeyed buildings and housing complexes or colonies have their own groundwater pumping devices which lead to overexploitation and depletion leading to water scarcity.

In the industrial areas of Uttar Pradesh, the National Capital Region, Bihar, etc., water pollution due to the discharge of effluents industrial wastes, and chemicals has turned big rivers like the Ganga and the Yamuna into toxic streams.

Though freshwater resources are present in sufficient quantities, it is unfit and hazardous for human use. In agriculturally advanced regions of India like Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh.

To facilitate higher foodgrain production for our growing population, water resources are being overexploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.

Over-irrigation in these areas has adversely affected water availability.

Water Resources: NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Explanation

Question 9. How have intensive industrialisation and urbanisation put great pressure on existing freshwater resources in India? Explain with two examples for each.

Answer:

Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation in the post-independence period have exerted great pressure on the existing freshwater resources of India.

The following examples further explain their effects on the fragile water resources of India. Effects of Industrialisation:

Industries like cotton textile mills of Maharashtra, jute textile mills of Hooghly basin in West Bengal, and all the iron and steel plants in the Damodar Valley region and other parts of the country are heavy users of water and require a large supply of hydroelectricity.

The existing freshwater sources of these regions are overexploited as a result.

Discharge of industrial effluents and dumping of industrial wastes and chemicals have turned big rivers like the Ganga and the Yamuna into toxic streams unfit and hazardous for human use.

Pollution of freshwater resources has led to water scarcity.

Effects of Urbanisation: The metropolitan cities of India like Mumbai and Kolkata face acute water shortage on account of large and dense population, and their urban lifestyles requiring more water and power consumption.

Housing societies colonies, and multi-storeyed buildings in the cities have their own groundwater pumping devices which lead to overexploitation and depletion of the fragile water resources.

Water Resources Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography

Question 10. What is a multipurpose river valley project? State any four objectives of the multipurpose river valley project.

Answer:

The multipurpose river valley project is a river project in which a dam is constructed on the river and stored water is then used in a number of activities like irrigation, power generation, etc. The four objectives of multipurpose projects are:

1. To check floods by regulating the flow of water.
2. To generate hydropower for our industries and homes.
3. To provide irrigation facilities. This helps in increasing agriculture productivity and bringing more area under cultivation.
4. To check soil erosion.

Question 11. Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Answer:

Rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out in the following ways: In Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or “tankas” for storing drinking water.

The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide.

The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard.

They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and be stored in these underground ‘tanks’.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3: Water Resources

Question 12. Describe three traditional methods of rainwater harvesting practised in India.
Or
What are the traditional methods of harvesting rainwater in India?

Answer:

In India, traditionally, rainwater harvesting is done in the following ways:

1. In hilly regions, people build diversion channels like the guls or kuls for agriculture.
2. In Rajasthan, rooftop rainwater harvesting is practised.
3. In Bengal people build inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
4. In arid and semi-arid regions people convert their agricultural fields into rain-fed storage structures.

Question 13. Three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water but there is still scarcity of water across the globe.’ Explain giving three reasons.

Answer:

Water scarcity is due to the following reasons:

1. Water availability varies over space and time mainly due to the variation in seasonal and annual precipitation.
2. Rapid urbanisation is another factor for water scarcity.
3. The rapid increase in population that demands more and more water.
4. Industrialisation is another cause, large industrial houses are using more and more water, and they also require more water to generate electricity.
5. Rising income levels also create more demand for water.
6. 96.5% of the total volume of the world’s water is estimated to exist as oceans and only 2.5% as fresh water.
7. Nearly 70% of this freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers, while a little less than 30% is stored as groundwater in the world’s aquifers.

Question 14. How have industrialisation and urbanisation aggravated water scarcity in India?

Answer:

Industrialisation and urbanisation have aggravated water scarcity in India in the following ways:

1. Large industrial houses are exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. Industries apart from being heavy users of water also require water power to run them.
2. Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations, and urban lifestyles has not only added to water and energy requirements but further aggravated the problems. Water resources are being overexploited.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3: Water Resources

Question 15. Why is the conservation and management of water resources important? Give any three reasons.

Answer:

The conservation and proper management of water are necessary because of the following reasons:

1. Growing Population: As the population is growing, its need for water is also growing, so it is necessary to properly manage the availability of water.
2. Increasing Urbanisation: More and more people are moving to cities where the need for water is growing. On the other hand, cities are overexploiting and polluting water resources, so there is a need to conserve water.
3. Due to industrialisation also water is being overexploited. So, without proper conservation, it would be difficult to survive.

Question 16. Explain any three disadvantages of multipurpose projects.

Answer:

Three disadvantages of multipurpose projects are:

1. A large area is submerged in water causing the destruction of wildlife and forests.
2. A large number of people living in the affected areas are displaced, so their rehabilitation remains a problem.
3. Aquatic life and the natural course of rivers are affected. Multipurpose projects lead to the destruction of flora and fauna.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3: Water Resources

Question 17. Why are different water harvesting systems considered a viable alternative both socioeconomically and environmentally in a country like India?

Answer:

No single method can be applicable everywhere. It is true in the case of rainwater harvesting systems too, as geographically there are different regions. Different regions have different methods.

1. In Hilly region: Through kuls or guls it is very easy to divert water for irrigation. It is a low-cost method.
2. In Arid regions: Like in Rajasthan rainwater is collected on roofs, and then piped into the ground storage system. That method is also economical, needing no extra effort.
3. In villages, agricultural fields are converted into ponds where rainwater is collected. All these methods are very easy and viable.