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NCERT Notes For Class 6 Civics Chapter 6 Urban Administration Facts To Remember

Municipal Corporation takes care of civic amenities like lights, garbage collection, water supply, etc. in cities.

• It is also responsible for cleanliness and controlling epidemics etc.
• In smaller cities, it is called the Municipal Council.
• The city is divided into different wards and councillors are elected from them.
• Councillors form committees and make decisions about the entire city.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Civics Chapter 6

• These decisions are implemented by administrative staff and the Commissioner.
• A commissioner is appointed by the government.
• The administration is divided into departments like water, electricity, etc. for proper functioning.

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NCERT Notes For Class 6 Civics Chapter 6 Urban Administration Objective Type Questions

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Owners of the houses pay __________ tax to the government.
Answer: property/house

2. Yasmin Khala worked in the _______ department of the Corporation.
Answer: accounts

Urban Administration Class 6 Notes

3. Contract workers get paid _______ and their jobs are __________
Answer: less, temporary

4. A city is _______ than a village.
Answer: larger

Question 2. State whether the given statements are true or false.

1. We should leave the garbage in the open.
Answer: False

2. There are taxes on education and entertainment also.
Answer: True

3. City of Surat had a plague scare in 1994.
Answer: True

NCERT Class 6 Civics Chapter 6 Pdf

4. Property tax forms about 75% of the money earned by the Municipal Corporation.
Answer: False

Question 3. Match the contents of column A with that of Column B

Answer:  1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Major Domains Of The Earth

Major Domains Of The Earth Facts To Remember

Earth’s surface is divided into continents and oceans.

• Mount Everest is the highest peak at 8,848 m and Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean is the deepest place at 11,022 m.
• There are seven continents
• Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.
• The continents of Asia and Europe together are known as Eurasia.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 5

• There are five oceans—Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic. All are
  interconnected.
• 71% of the earth is covered with water and 29% with land.
• 97% of water is in oceans.
• The Pacific Ocean is circular and the Atlantic is “S” shaped.

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• Atmosphere has 5 layers—troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere (TSMTE).
• The atmosphere comprises 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases like C0₂, argon, dust particles, etc.
• The greater part of the land lies in the northern hemisphere.
• The density of air and temperature decreases as we go up.
• Edmund Hillary (New Zealand) and Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa (Nepal) were the first men to climb the highest mountain peak Mt. Everest on the planet Earth on 29th May 1953.

Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Pdf

• Junko Tabei (Japan) was the first woman to reach the summit on 16th May 1975.
• Bachendri Pal was the first Indian woman to climb the highest peak on 23rd May 1984.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Major Domains Of The Earth Objective Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

(1). Narrow zone where land, water and air are found is called __________.

Answer: Biosphere

(2). _________ links North America to South America.

Answer: Isthmus of Panama

(3). Emission from _______ and ________ leads to air pollution.

Answer: Industries; vehicles

Major Domains Of The Earth Class 6 Notes

(4). Arctic Ocean is connected with the Pacific Ocean through _________.

Answer: Bering Strait

(5). Pacific Ocean is _______ shaped and the Atlantic is _________ shaped.

Answer: Circular, “S”.

Question 2. Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B.

Answer: 1-(d), 2-(c), 3-(f), 4-(e), 5-(a), 6-(b)

Question 3. Q. 3. State whether the given statements are true or false.

(1). Asia lies in the eastern hemisphere.

Answer: True

(2). Discharge of waste into rivers, and lakes makes them suitable for human use.

Answer: False

(3). As we go up the density and temperature of air increases.

Answer: False

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Summary

(4). The atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.

Answer: True

(5). South America is the third largest continent

Answer: False.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 3  Motions Of The Earth

Motions Of The Earth Facts To Remember

The rotation of the earth on its axis causes day and night. Earth completes one rotation in 24 hours.

• Due to its spherical shape, only half of it gets sunlight at a time and the other half remains in the dark causing day and night.
• The revolution of earth around the sun in 365 and VA days; causes seasons.
• There are four seasons in a year—summer, winter, spring, and autumn.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, the longest day and shortest night occur on June 21st.
• On the same date, the Southern Hemisphere has its shortest day and longest night.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 3

• This is the summer solstice.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, the longest night and shortest day occur on December 22nd.
• On the same date, the Southern Hemisphere has its longest day and shortest night.
• This is the winter solstice.
• On March 21st, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere; and vice-versa on September 23rd.
• In Australia, Christmas is celebrated in summer.

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Motions Of The Earth Class 6 Notes

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 3  Motions Of The Earth Keywords

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Summary

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 3  Motions Of The Earth Objective Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

(1). Due to the _________ shape of the earth, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time.

Answer: Spherical

(2). It is autumn in the northern hemisphere on ________.

Answer: 23rd September

(3). It is autumn in the southern hemisphere on ___________.

Answer: 21st March

NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Pdf

(4). The axis of the earth makes an angle of ________ with its orbital plane.

Answer: 66 1/2°

Question 2. Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B:

Answer: 1-(c), 2-(d), 3-(b), 4-(a)

Question 3. State whether the given statements are true or false.

(1). The rotation of the earth causes seasons.

Answer: False

(2). Earth moves around the sun in a spherical orbit.

Answer: False

Motions Of The Earth Class 6 Extra Questions

(3). If the earth would not rotate, life would not be possible.

Answer: True

(4). Poles experience six months day and six months night.

Answer: True

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Globe Latitudes And Longitudes

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Facts To Remember

The Pole star always shines over the North Pole.

• Globe is a true model of Earth.
• The equator divides the earth into 2 hemispheres—northern and southern.
• Prime meridian divides the earth into 2 hemispheres—eastern and western.
• The longitudes are identified with the help of degrees. Degrees are further divided into minutes and minutes into seconds.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 2

• All meridians are of equal length. The value of the prime meridian is 0° and from it, we count 180° eastwards and westwards. The total number of longitudes is 360.
• 180° east and 180° west are on the same line.
• Latitudes are parallel and the size of the parallels of latitude decreases.
• 90° N latitude marks the north pole and 90° S latitude marks the south pole

Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Pdf

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NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Keywords

Globe: A three-dimensional model of the earth is called a globe.

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Class 6 Notes

1. Axis: The imaginary line joining the North Pole and the South Pole is termed as axis on which the Earth rotates.
2. Poles: The two ends of the axis are called poles.
3. North Pole: The northernmost end of the axis is the North Pole.
4. South Pole: The southernmost end of the axis is the South Pole.
5. Equator: 0° parallel of latitude is termed as equator. This is an imaginary line passing through the center of the earth and perpendicular to the axis.
6. Tropic of Cancer: Parallel latitude of 23 1/2° North of the equator is called the Tropic of Cancer.
7. Tropic of Capricorn: Parallel latitude of 23 1/2° South of the equator is termed as Tropic of Capricorn.
8. Arctic Circle: The Parallel of latitude of 66 1/2° North is known as the Arctic Circle.
9. Antarctic Circle: The parallel of the latitude of 66 1/2° South is known as the Antarctic Circle.
10. Meridian of Longitude: The imaginary lines joining the North and South Poles concerning the Prime Meridian are called meridians of longitudes.
11. Torrid Zone: A zone with high temperatures throughout the year and lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn is known as Torrid Zone.
12. Temperate Zone: A Zone with moderate temperatures and lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern hemisphere and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern hemisphere is called Temperate Zone.
13. Frigid Zone: A zone with extreme cold lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere, and between Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere is called a Frigid Zone.
14. Prime Meridian: 0° longitude passing through Greenwich (London) is named as Prime Meridian.
15. Rotation: The movement of a heavenly body on its axis is called rotation.
16. Local Time: The time of a meridian is named local time.
17. Parallels of Latitudes: The lines drawn parallel to the equator in both the
18. hemispheres upto the poles are known as parallels of latitudes.
19. Standard Time: The local time of a meridian of longitude which is considered valid for the whole country, is called the Standard Time of that country. This meridian is called the Standard Meridian of that country.
20. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): The time of the Greenwich meridian is known as Greenwich Mean Time.
21. Indian Standard Time (IST): The time of 82 1/2° E longitude is taken as Standard time for the whole country.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 1  The Earth In The Solar System

The Earth In The Solar System Facts To Remember

• Stars and moon are visible only at night as sunlight makes them invisible during the day.
• Stars in the night sky are similar to the sun but we do not feel their light or heat as they are very far from us.
• Ursa Major or Big Bear and Saptarishi are constellations.
• Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus have rings around them. These rings are belts of small debris.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 1

• Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars move closer to the sun and are called inner planets. Inner planets are made up of rocks.
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune move away from the sun and are called outer planets.
• Outer planets are made up of gases and liquids.
• Since 2006 Pluto has been recognised as a “dwarf planet”.
• The speed of light is 300,000 km/sec. The light of the sun takes about 8 minutes to reach Earth.
• The word ‘planet’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Planetai’ which means ‘Wanderers’.

Class 6 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Pdf

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The Sun and the Planets:

The Earth In The Solar System Class 6 Notes

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Geography Chapter 1  The Earth In The Solar System Keywords

NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 1 Pdf

Buildings Paintings And Books

The famous Iron Pillar at Mehrauli in Delhi is an example of skill and art. It was made about 1500 years ago.

The buildings such as stupas and temples were made of bricks and stones. The stupa at Sanchi was built over centuries.

• Amaravati also had a beautiful stupa.
• Some magnificent temples were built at Mahabalipuram and Aihole.
• Building stupas and temples was costly so the kings and queens gave money to build these.
• The painting of Ajanta caves is world famous. Most of these were monasteries for Buddhist monks.
• Epic Mahabharata was composed by Ved Vyasa.
• Ramayana was written by Valmiki.
• Silappadikaram and Manimekalai were written in Tamil by Ilango and Sattanar respectively.
• The Puranas contained religious stories in simple Sanskrit verse.

History Chapter 10 Class 6 NCERT: Buildings, Paintings, and Books

• They were meant to be heard by everybody.
• Writers like Kalidasa wrote in Sanskrit e.g. Meghaduta, Abhijnana Shakuntalam.
• The Jatakas and Panchatantra are collections of stories told by ordinary people.
• Books on science were also written. Aryabhata, a mathematician and astronomer wrote “Aryabhatiyam”. He developed a scientific explanation for eclipses.
• Harappans were master craftsmen. They had knowledge of copper metallurgy. They even manufactured bronze by mixing copper and tin.
• Charaka and Sushruta were two famous practitioners of Ayurveda in ancient times.

Class 6 History Chapter 10 NCERT Notes

Buildings Paintings And Books Keywords

Stupax The word stupa means a mound.

Temple: The place of worship of the Hindus is called a temple.

Painting: The art of using colors is called a painting.

Epic: A very big book is called Epic. In this book, the great events of one or more heroes in an elevated style (or an epic poem) narrating continuously is called an epic.

Story: The account of an incident or a plot of a drama is called a story.

Class 6 History NCERT Notes: Buildings, Paintings, and Books

Purana: Puran literally means old. There are several Puranas of the Hindus. Puranas contain stories about Hindu gods and goddesses.

Science: Systematic knowledge is called science.

Mathematics: The science of space and numbers is called mathematics.

Mathura School of Art: A form of art (sculpture) that developed and flourished in Mathura and its adjoining areas. It was totally (or purely) in Indian style (i.e., free from foreign artistic impact).

Buildings, Paintings, and Books Class 6 History NCERT Solutions

Charak Samhita: This was a remarkable book on medicine written by Charaka (1st-2nd centuries C.E.)

Susruta Samhita: This was a remarkable book about elaborate surgical procedures written by Sushruta (4th century C.E).

Zero: The symbol for zero was invented by mathematicians in India and adopted by the world.

Buildings Paintings And Books Date Line

23000 Years Ago: Stupa building

20000 Years Ago: Amaravati, stupas building

1900 Years Ago: Invention of paper in China by Cai Lun

1800 Years Ago: Knowledge of paper in Baghdad

1600 Years Ago: Kalidasa

NCERT Chapter 10 Class 6 History: Buildings, Paintings, and Books

1500 Years Ago:

• Pillar at Mehrauli (Delhi)
• Temple at Bhitragaon,
• Paintings of Ajanta,
• Aryabhata

1400 Years Ago: Durga Temple; knowledge of paper spread to Korea and Japan

Villages Towns And Trade

The Use Of Iron began about 3000 years ago. It developed around 2500 years ago.

New tools like axes, plowshare, irrigation, and a system of transplantation of crops increased production.

• In northern India—gramabhojaka—landowners, independent farmers— chapatis, and slaves (or dasa karma karas) lived in villages.
• Ring wells have been found in cities. These were probably used as drainage or toilets.
• Accounts of travelers and sailors tell us about life in cities.
• Punch-marked coins of metals were used to measure wealth.
• Mathura was located on travel and trade routes. It was the Kushana capital about 2000 years ago. It was also the religious center.
• Fine pottery called Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) has been found.
• Varanasi and Madurai were famous cloth centers.
• Craftsmen merchants formed “Shrenis”.
• Merchants also formed Shrenis.
• Arikamedu was an important coastal settlement between 2200 and 1900 years ago.
• Discovery of Roman gold coins in India and throughout the subcontinent shows that trade was there with some other countries.
• Traders discovered new sea routes and used monsoon winds to travel far and wide.
• China found the method of making silk around 7000 years ago. The path, from where the silk was taken to other countries was known as the ‘silk route’.
• Kushanas controlled a large part of the silk route for a long time. They ruled around 1900 years ago over Central Asia and west India.

Villages, Towns, and Trade Class 6 History NCERT Notes

Villages Towns And Trade Keywords

Gramabhojaka: In northern India, during ancient times, the headman of the village was known as Gramabhojaka.

Kadaisiyar and Adimai: Landless laborers (or farmers), including slaves, were called Kadaisiyar and Adimai in the Tamil region of south India.

Vellalar: Big landowners were called Vellalars in the Tamil region.

Plowshare: An implement used for cultivating land.

Punch-marked coins: Coins, that were punched by the rulers in ancient times, were called punch-marked coins. They were made of copper.

Iron: Metal principally used for making tools and machines.

Village: The smallest unit of society or state, where generally several families live.

Port: Its meaning is a harbor.

Ring well: Rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one on top of the others, is known as ring-well. These were used for drainage or as toilets.

City: A bigger unit than the towns is called a city.

Shreni: The guild of craftspeople or traders is called Shreni.

Sangam: Some of the earliest works in Tamil are known as Sangam literature. These texts were composed and compiled in assemblies (known as sangams) of poets that were held in the city of Madurai (Tamil Nadu).

Chapter 8 Villages, Towns, and Trade NCERT Notes

Trader: A businessman who carries different kinds of things and articles from the places of making to other places to sell.

Route: A road or passage taken to reach other cities and countries is called a route.

Silk: A fine soft thread produced in the cocoon by a silkworm. Cloth is made from this.

Silk Route: A very old trade route between China and Western Asia (up to the North-West sub-continent of India) ran through Central Asia.

Villages Towns And Trade Date Line

Around 3000 B.C.: beginning of use of iron

Around 2500 Years Ago: increase in the use of iron, growth of cities, use of punch-marked coins

Villages, Towns, and Trade: NCERT Notes Chapter 8

2300 Years Ago: Sangam literature

2000 Years Ago: Settlement at Arikamedu (Puducherry)

Around 7000 Years Ago: discovery of silk

Around 2000 Years Ago: demand for silk in the Roman Empire

History

• Chapter 1 Introduction: What, Where, How and When ?
• Chapter 2 From Hunting – Gathering To Growing Food
• Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities
• Chapter 4 What Books and Burials Tell Us
• Chapter 5 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic
• Chapter 6 New Questions and Ideas
• Chapter 7 From A Kingdom To An Empire
• Chapter 8 Villages, Towns and Trade
• Chapter 9 New Empires and Kingdoms
• Chapter 10 Buildings, Paintings and Books

Geography

• Chapter 1 The Earth In The Solar System
• Chapter 2 Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes
• Chapter 3 Motions of The Earth
• Chapter 4 Maps
• Chapter 5 Major Domains of the Earth
• Chapter 6 Our Country- India

Civics

• Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity
• Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimination
• Chapter 3 What is Government ?
• Chapter 4 Panchayati Raj
• Chapter 5 Rural Administration
• Chapter 6 Urban Administration
• Chapter 7 Rural Livelihoods
• Chapter 8 Urban Livelihoods

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Class 6 Social Science History Notes For Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Facts To Remember

About eighty years ago; finding of the remains of the city of Harappa, a very old city; was found, in present-day Pakistan.

The city was about 4700 years old. More such sites were discovered like Mohenjodaro, Kalibagan, Lothal etc.

• The bricks used were burnt and their pattern made the walls stronger.
• A Special tank, probably for community bathing has been found in Mohenjodaro. Some cities had fire altars and storehouses.
• Houses were 1-2 stories high with wells and a covered drainage system. The streets were well-planned.
• Rulers planned the cities. Scribes helped prepare seals. Craftspersons made all kinds of things.
• Things made of stone, shells, beads, and metal have been found. Weights, blades, pots, and cloth have also been found.

NCERT Notes Class 6 History Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities

• The Harappans got raw materials locally as well as from far distant places; Iran, Oman, etc.
• They grew all sorts of crops like wheat, barley, pulses etc. Plough was used for agriculture along with irrigation and animals.
• Dholavira in Gujarat had an open area for ceremonies.
• Around 3000 years ago most of these cities perished. This could have been due to the drying up of rivers, deforestation etc.

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NCERT Notes For Class 6 Social Science History Notes For Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Keywords

In the Earliest Cities NCERT Notes Chapter 3

NCERT Notes Class 6 Social Science History Notes For Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Date Line

Around 7000 Years Ago: Cotton cultivation in Mehrgarh

Around 4700 Years Ago: 2700 B.C.—Beginning of cities

Around 3900 Years Ago: 1900 B.C.—Beginning of the end of these cities

Around 2500 Years Ago: 500 B.C.—Beginning of new cities

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Social Science History Notes For Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Objective Type Questions

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Great Bath was made water-tight using layer of _______
Answer: Natural tar

2. Most of the articles found were made of stone, _______ and _______
Answer: Shell, metal

3. _________ was used to dig the earth.
Answer: Plough

Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities NCERT Notes

4. Remains of dockyard have been found in _______
Answer: Lothal

5. Harappan seals were made of _______
Answer: Clay

Question 2. State whether the given statements are true or false.

1. Most of the cities had uncovered drains.
Answer: False

2. Scribes were the people who made beads.
Answer: False

3. Copper and bronze were used to make tools and vessels.
Answer: True

4. The Harappa region received low rainfall.
Answer: True

5. Special buildings were built in the lower town.
Answer: False

NCERT Class 6 History Notes Chapter 3

Question 3. Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B.

Answer: 1-(c), 2-(e), 3-(a), 4-(b), 5-(d)

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 1 Introduction What Where How And When

Introduction What Where How And When Facts To Remember

The earliest gatherers lived on the banks of Narmada for thousands of years.

Crops like wheat and barley were grown around 8000 years ago near the Sulaiman And Kirthar ranges.

• Rice was first grown in the north of Vindhyas. People started rearing animals.
• The earliest cities developed on the banks of the river Indus, its tributaries, and also on the banks of the river Ganga.
• People travel in search of livelihood or to save themselves from natural disasters. Their mutual interaction enriched our culture.
• Manuscripts were written on palm leaves or the bark of birch trees. They were about the lives of kings, religion, medicine, science, etc. These are preserved in temples or monasteries.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 1

• Inscriptions have been found engraved on stones or metals.
• Other things like the remains of buildings, tools, weapons, ornaments, coins, etc. have been used by archaeologists to study pasts.
• These were made of stone, baked clay, or bones.
• The way of keeping track of dates is the use of words like B.C.: Before Christ o.r. BCE ie Before the Common Era.
• A.D. means Anno Domini or “In the year of the lord” or C.E.: Common Era is used to denote years after the birth of Christ.

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NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Introduction What Where How And When Keywords

Introduction What Where How And When Date Line

• 8000 years Beginning of cultivation
• 4700 years First cities in the river valley
• 2500 years Establishment of the kingdom of Magadha

Class 6 History Chapter 1 Notes Pdf

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Introduction What Where How And When Objective Type Questions

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words

1. Manuscripts were written on the bark of ________ tree or the leaves of ______ tree.
Answer: Birch, Palam

2. People who study past are called ______
Answer: Historians

3. Inscriptions were written on ______ surface.
Answer: Hard

4. People of Sulaiman and Kirthar range reared ______ and ______
Answer: Sheep, goats

5. _______ is a tributary of the river Ganga.
Answer: Son

What, Where, How And When Class 6 Notes

Question 2. State whether the given statement is true or false.

1. Agriculture started around 2500 years ago.
Answer: False

2. Around 8000 years ago people reared animals.
Answer: True

3. People traveled in search of livelihood or adventure.
Answer: True

4. The term B.C. is used to denote years before the birth of Christ.
Answer: True

NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 1 Summary

5. Garo hills are located to the south-east of India.
Answer: False

Question 3. Match the content of Column A with that of Column B.

Answer: 1-(c), 2-(a), 3-(e), 4-(b), 5-(d).