Infectious Diseases Short Question And Answers

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Infectious Diseases Short Question And Answers

Question 1. Four complications of viral hepatitis

Answer:

Four complications of viral hepatitis

  • Hepatic necrosis
  • Chronic hepatitis
  • Cirrhosis of liver
  • Hepatic failure
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 2. Infectious Mononucleosis

Answer:

Infectious Mononucleosis

  • It is an acute febrile illness associated with lymph node enlargement caused by Epstein Barr virus
  • Features
    • Affects adolescents and adults
    • The incubation period is 7-10 days
  • Clinical features
    • Fever, malaise
    • Conjunctival haemorrhage
    • Maculopapular rash
    • Sore throat
    • Lymphadenopathy
    • Splenomegaly

Infectious Mononucleosis Complications

  • Chronic fatigue
  • Hepatitis
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Thrombocytopenia pleurisy
  • Myocarditis
  • Meningoencephalitis
  • Rupture of an enlarged spleen

Question 3. Rubella

Answer:

Rubella

  • Rubella is a mild childhood disease
  • It may be acquired congenital or postnatally

Rubella Features:

  • Infection is acquired by inhalation
  • Incutwbon synod-2-3 weeks
  • Fever, malaise
  • Headache
  • Mild conjunctivitis
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Rasa develops on the forehead and face
  • It spreads downward to the trunk and extremities
  • It lasts for 1-5 days

Read And Learn More: General Medicine Question and Answers

Rubella Prevention:

  • It is prevented by MMR vaccine

Question 4. Mumps

Answer:

Mumps

  • The incubation period is 12 – 18 days.

Mumps Clinical Features:

  • Unilateral (or) bilateral swelling of parotid glands,
  • Fever, malaise
  • Local pain and tender
  • The involvement of extra parotid sites can cause more serious problems as follows.
    • CNS involvement may lead to
      • Meningitis,
      • Meningoencephalitis
      • Orchitis

Question 5. Measles

Answer:

Measles Clinical Features:

  • Insidious in onset
  • Moderate fever
  • Tachycardia
  • Sore throat
  • Formation of greyish-greenish pseudomembrane on tonsils
  • Associated nausea and vomiting
  • Bull neck- swollen neck
  • Tender lymphadenopathy
  • Xasal infection
  • Hoarseness of voice
  • Cough
  • Respiratory obstruction
  • Toxaemi
  • Acute peripheral circulatory failure
  • Nerve paralysis
  • Dysphagia
  • Dysphonia
  • Paraesthesia

Question 6. Prevention of measles

Answer:

Prevention of measles

  1. Active immunization
    • One injection of live attenuated measles vaccine along -with mumps and rubella vaccines, MMR vaccine to children over 1 year
  2. Passive immunization
    • Human normal immunoglobulin is used

Dose:

Infectious Diseases Prevention Of Measles

Question 7. Diphtheria

Answer:

Diphtheria Clinical Features:

  • It is insidious at the onset
  • Moderate grade fever
  • Tachycardia
  • Sore throat
  • Formation of greyish-greenish pseudomembrane on the tonsils
  • Swollen neck- Bull neck
  • Tender lymphadenopathy
  • Nasal infection
  • Hoarseness of voice
  • Cough
  • Respiratory obstruction
  • Acute circulatory failure
  • Myocarditis
  • Nerve palsies
  • Dysphagia
  • Dysphonia
  • Paraesthesia in the limbs

Question 8. Ascariasis

Answer:

Ascariasis

  • Infection caused by Ascaris lumbricoides is known as ascariasis

Ascariasis Features:

  • Migrating larvae in the lungs cause dyspnoea, wheezing, cough, and signs of pneumonia
  • Loss of appetite
  • Malnutrition
  • Fever
  • Eosinophilic leukocytosis
  • Appendicitis
  • Liver abscess

Ascariasis Diagnosis:

  1. Stool examination- demonstrates adult worms or eggs
  2. Barium meal- Demonstrate adult worms
  3. Serodiagnosis- detects antibodies

Ascariasis Treatment:

  • Pyrantel pamoate-11 mg/kg given orally
  • Mebendazole-100 mg twice daily for three days

Question 9. Hookworm Disease
(or)
Ankylostomiasis

Answer:

Hookworm Disease

  • Hookworm disease is a symptomatic infection caused by Ankylostoma duodenal and Necatar Ameri- can
  • Occurs in all tropical and subtropical countries

Hookworm Disease Clinical Features:

  • Dermatitis
  • Lesions in the lungs- bronchitis and bronchopneumonia
  • Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
  • Epigastric pain
  • Dyspepsia
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea

Hookworm Disease Diagnosis:

  1. Blood examination
    • Eosinophilia
    • Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
  2. Stool examination
    • Shows occult blood

Hookworm Disease Treatment:

  • High protein diet
  • Oral iron preparations
  • Blood transfusion
  • Drugs used are- mabendazole, albendazole, pyrantelpamoate

Question 10. Amoebic dysentery

Answer:

Amoebic dysentery

  • Amoebic dysentery is also known as intestinal amoebiasis
  • It is a condition in which the infection is confined to the intestine and is characterized by the passage of blood and mucus in the stool

Amoebic dyssentery Types:

  1. Acute amoebic dyssentery
    • Multiple ulcers occur
    • These ulcers are deep and extensive
    • Its complications are
      • Pericaecal and pericolic abscess
      • Amoebic appendicitis
      • Perforation
      • Generalized peritonitis
      • Gangrene of guts
      • Fistula
  2. Chronic amoebic dyssentery
    • A single latent ulcer is present in the caecum while multiple small superficial ulcers are scattered throughout the large intestine
    • Stricture formation occurs
    • Amoeboma in the caecum and large intestine develops

Question 11. Treatment of malaria

Answer:

Treatment of malaria

  1. General management
    • Use of analgesics and antipyretics to treat fever
    • Administration of intravenous fluids
  2. Treatment of acute attack
    • Chloroquine-600 mg followed by 300 mg in 6 hours and then 150 mg twice a day for 3 days
    • Chloroquine-resistant cases- Dihydrochloride 600 mg salt three times a day by mouth for 5 days
    • Followed by a single dose of sulphadoxine 1.5 g combined with pyrimethamine 75 mg

Question 12. Complication of malaria

Answer:

Complication of malaria

  1. Pernicious malaria
  2. Black water fever.

1. Pernicious malaria:

  • It is a life-threatening condition

Pernicious malaria Cause:

  • It is due to heavy parasitization.

Pernicious Malaria Clinical Features:

  • It is grouped into the following:

Infectious Diseases Complication Of malaria

2. Blackwater fever:

  • This occurs in persons who are previously infected and had inadequate doses of quinine

Blackwater Fever Clinical Features:

  • Intravascular hemolysis,
  • Fever,
  • Haemoglobinuria
  • Vomiting and prostration with the passage of dark red (or) blackish urine hence called backwater fever.

Blackwater Fever Mechanism:

  • An autoimmune mechanism may be involved in hemolysis
  • Parasitized erythrocytes during previous infection act as antigen
  • Antibodies are formed against it
  • Due to this antigen-antibody reaction, massive destruction of erythrocytes occurs
  • There is excessive deposition of haemosiderin pigment in the liver, spleen, and kidneys.
  • Sequel of black water fever include
    • Circulatory failure
    • Renal failure,
    • Liver failure,
    • Anaemia.

Question 13. Complication of mumps

Answer:

Complication of mumps

  • Orchitis
  • Oophoritis
  • Arthritis
  • Nephritis
  • Pancreatitis
  • Thyroiditis and myocarditis.

Question 14. Diagnosis of typhoid fever

Answer:

Diagnosis of typhoid fever

Infectious Diseases Typhoid Fever Diagnosis

Question 15. Complications of typhoid fever

Answer:

Complications of typhoid fever

  1. Intestinal complications
    • Hemorrhage
    • Paralytic ileus
    • Perforation
    • Peritonitis
  2. Extraintestinal complication
    • Meningitis
    • Cholecystitis
    • Pneumonia
    • Myocarditis
    • Bone and joint infection
    • Encephalopathy
    • Granulomatous hepatitis
    • Nephritis

Question 16. Clinical features of typhoid fever

Answer:

Clinical features of typhoid fever

  • Incubation period- 10-14 days
  1. First 5-7 days
    • High-grade, remittent fever with chills
    • Headache
    • Aches
    • Malaise
    • Constipation
    • Leucopenia
    • Dry cough
    • Epistaxis
    • Relative bradycardia
  2. Between 1st and 2nd week
    • Rose spots develop over the trunk as small macules, red in color, and blanch on pressure
    • Splenomegaly
    • Bronchitis
    • Abdominal pain
    • Abdominal distension
    • Diarrhea
  3. After 2nd week
    • Confusion
    • Delirium
    • Toxaemia
    • Coma

Infectious Diseases Types Of Diseases Transmission

Question 17. Lepromatous leprosy

Answer:

Lepromatous leprosy

  • Leprosy caused by mycobacterium leprae is of 2 types wepromatous leprosy represents low resistance and tuberculoid leprosy represents high resistance.
  • Lepromatous leprosy is characterized by multiple symmetrical skin lesions that are hypopigmented and erythematous maculopapular/nodular.
  • Nerve involvement is present with less severe sensory distribution.
  • Histopathology involves the collection of foamy macrophages/lepra cells in the dermis separated from the epidermis by a clear zone.

Question 18. Lepra reaction

Answer:

Lepra reaction

  • Lepra reaction/reactional leprosy:
  • There may be two types:
  1. Type 1 (Reversal reactions),
  2. Type 2 (Erythema, nodosum leprosum)

1. Type 1: the polar forms of leprosy donor undergo any change in clinical ami histopathological picture.

  • Borderline groups are unstable and may move across the spectrum in either direction with upgrading/downgrading of patients’ immune stale.
  1. Upgrading read ion: Characterized by increased cell-mediated immunity and occurs in patients of borderline Icpromalous (BL) type on treatment who upgrade/shift towards tuberculoid type.
  2. Downgrading reaction: Characterized by lowering of cellular immunity and is seen in borderline tuberculoid (BT) type who downgrade/shift towards Icpromalous type.

2. Type 2: Occurs in Icpromalous patients after treatment. It is characterized by tender cutaneous nodules, fever, iridocyclitis, synovitis, and lymph node involvement.

Question 19. Diagnosis of AIDS

Answer:

Tests for AIDS:

  1. ELISA( Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
    • It is a color reaction test
    • Method:
      • A serum containing antibodies is developed from the patient’s blood sample
      • It is added to the ELISA plate
      • Wash off the inactive antibodies
      • A second layer of antibodies called conjugate is added
      • Excess antibodies are again washed off
      • A substrate is added to it
    • Result:
      • Color becomes darker- positive test
      • No color change- negative test
  2. Western blot
    • Method
      • Viral proteins from the patient’s blood sample are passed through a gel
      • The separated proteins are then passed through an electric current
      • Human serum is added
      • A chromogen is added to it
  3. Result:
    • A specific band of viral protein is detected

Question 20. Quinolones

Answer:

Quinolones

  • Quinolones are a group of synthetic antimicrobial agents

Quinolones Uses:

  • Uncomplicated UTI
  • Diarrhea

Quinolones Adverse Effects:

  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Allergic reactions
  • Headache
  • Myalgia
  • Drowsiness

Examples:

  • Nalidixic acid
  • Oxalinic acid
  • Cinoxacin

Question 21. Cephalosporins

Answer:

Cephalosporins

  • Cephalosporins are semi-synthetic antibiotics with a beta-lactam ring

Cephalosporins Uses:

  • Gram-negative infections
  • Surgical prophylaxis
  • Gonorrhea
  • Meningitis
  • Mixed aerobic and anaerobic infection
  • Typhoid
  • Nosocomial infection
  • Orodental infection

Cephalosporins Adverse Reactions:

  • Hypersensitivity reactions
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Diarrhea
  • Bleeding
  • Low WBC count
  • Pain at the injection site
  • Disulfiram like reaction

Question 22. Triple vaccine, Dan PT

Answer:

Triple vaccine, DPT

  • DPT is used as an active immunization
  • It is combination of Diphtheria toxoid, pertusis vaccine and tetanus toxoid

DPT Route of Administration:

  • Intramuscular

DPT Dose:

  • Initial dose- 6 weeks
  • Three doses are completed at intervals of 4-6 weeks
  • Booster doses-18 months and 5 years

DPT Adverse Reactions:

  • Transient local inflammation
  • Fever
  • Occthe asional convulsions

DPT Advantages:

  • Minimizes the number of injections
  • Improves immune response

Question 23. Anti-amoebic drugs

Answer:

Anti-amoebic drugs

  • Anti-amoebic drugs are drugs used in amoebiasis

Anti-amoebic drugs Classification:

  1. Drugs effective in both intestinal and extra-intestinal amoebiasis
    • Metronidazole
    • Tinidazole
    • Secnidazole
    • Omid azole
    • Satranidazole
    • Emetine
  2. Drugs effective in intestinal amoebiasis
    • Diloxanide furoate
    • Quiniodochlo
    • Iodoquinol
    • Tetracyclines
  3. Drugs effective in extraintestinal amoebiasis
    • Chloroquine

Question 24. Quinsy

Answer:

Quinsy

  • It is an infection in connective tissue between the tonsil and the superior constrictor
  • It is also called peritonitis sellar abscess

Quinsy Fethe features:

  • Acute pain in the throat
  • Pain radiates to the ear
  • Dysphagia
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Body ache
  • Headache
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Dyspnoea
  • Trismus
  • Deviation of uvula
  • Hoarseness of voice
  • Foul breath

Quinsy Management:

  • Antibiotics
  • Incision over the most prominent part
  • Analgesics
  • Warm saline gargles 4 fluids
  • Tonsillectomy

Question 25. Rabies prevention

Answer:

Rabies prevention

  • Rabies vaccines are two types
  1. Neural
  2. Non-neural

1. Neural Vaccines:

  1. Semple vaccine:
    • The most widely used vaccine
    • Developed by Semple at Central Research Institute, Kasauli.
    • It is a 5% suspension of infected sheep brain and inactivated by 5% phenol at 37°C leaving no residual live virus.
  2. Beta Propiolactone (BPL) Vacine:
    • Modified sample vaccine
    • Instead of phenol, BPL is used as an activating agent.
  3. Infant brain vaccine:
    • Used widely in America to Reduce neurological complications.
      • Vaccination Schedules:
        • Nowadays it’s not used.
        • In the past, they were given subcutaneously on the anterior abdominal wall.
        • 7 – 14 injections depend on the degree of risk.

2.  Non-Neural Vaccines:

  1. Duck Egg Vaccine:
    • BPL is used as an inactivating agent
    • It has poor immunogenicity so not used now.
  2. Tissue culture vaccines:
    • Following cell culture vaccines are available in India.
      • Human diploid cell strain vaccine [HDCS]
        • The HDCS vaccine is prepared by growing rabies virus on human diploid cells and is inactivated with BPL.
        • This vaccine is highly antigenic and free of side effects
    • Purified chick embryo cell vaccine [PCEC]
      • PCEC is now widely used.
      • It is cheaper
      • It contains BPL inactivated flurry LEP strain
    • Purified Vero cell vaccine [PVC]
      • This vaccine is under study

Question 26. Antiviral drugs

Answer:

Antiviral drugs

Infectious Diseases Antiviral Drugs

Question 27. BCG

Answer:

BCG

  • The Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine was prepared by Calmette and Guerin in 1921
  • Used for protection against tuberculosis infections

BCG Forms:

  • Liquid form
  • Freeze-dried form- commonly used

Dose and Administration:

  • 0.1 ml is administered intradermally soon after birth

BCG Result:

  • A small nodule develops at the injection site in about 2-3 weeks
  • it gradually increases in size upto 441 mm in diameter
  • It breaks into a shallow ulcer leaving 4-8 mm diameter round scar

BCG Contraindications:

  • AIDS patients
  • Eczema
  • Pertussis
  • Measles
  • Patients on steroids

Question 28. Complications of Hepatitis B

Answer:

Complications of hepatitis B are:

  1. Cirrhosis of liver
  2. Liver failure
  3. Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 29. Chloroquine

Answer:

Chloroquine

  • Chloroquine is antimalarial drug
  • It is a synthetic 4-arninoquinolone

Chloroquine Uses:

  • Malaria
  • Extra-intestinal amoebiasis
  • Photogenic reactions
  • Lepra reactions

Chloroquine Adverse Reactions:

  • Severe nausea and vomiting
  • Pruritis
  • Headache
  • Visual disturbances
  • Insomnia
  • Skin rashes
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Psychiatric problems
  • Blurring of vision
  • Confusion
  • Bleaching of hair

Question 30. Human insulins

Answer:

Human insulins

  • Human insulin is produced by recombinant DMA technology
  • They are expensive
  • Absorbed rapidly

Human insulins Forms:

  • Regular B Lente
  • Isophane insulin
  • Lente
  • Ultralente preparations

Human insulins Advantages:

  • Less antigenic
  • More stable
  • Fewer chances of resistance
  • Less chances of lipodystrophy

Human insulins indications:

  • Allergy to conventional preparations
  • Insulin resistance
  • Lipodystrophy at the injection site
  • Pregnancy

Question 31. Four causes of lymphadenopathy

Answer:

Lymphadenopathy Causes:

  1. Inflammatory
    • Acute lymphadenitis
    • Chronic lymphadenitis
    • Granulomatous lymphaleukemiaeoplastic
    • Benign
    • Malignant
  3. Lymphatic leukaemia
    • Autoimmune disorders
    • Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
    • Collagen diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa
  4. Generalised lymphadenopathy
    1. Tuberculosis
    2. Syphilis- secondary stage
    3. Infectious mononucleosis
    4. Sarcoidosis
    5. Toxoplasmosis
    6. Hodgkin’s disease
    7. Lymphosarcoma

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