Indices For Oral Disease Question And Answers

Indices For Oral Disease Definitions

Index

A numerical value describing the relative status of a population on a graduated scale with definite upper & lower limits, which is designed to permit & facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria & methods

Indices For Oral Disease Important Notes

1. Gingival index scoring

2. Periodontal index scoring

3. Scoring System

4. Treatment needs scoring

5. Dean’s fluorosis index scoring
(or) A scoring pattern of Dean’s index.

6. Teeth examined in indices

7. HO modifications of DMF index

• All third molars are included
• Temporary restorations are considered D
• Only carious cavities are considered

8. Indicators of periodontal status used in CPI are

• Gingival bleeding
• Calculus
• Periodontal pockets

9. Periodontal index by Russell measures the presence/ absence of

• Gingival inflammation
• Pocket formation
• Masticatory function

10. Classification of index

• Based on the direction in which their scores can fluctuate
• Irreversible index
• Reversible index
• Depending upon the extent to which areas of the oral cavity are measured
• Full mouth index

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• Simplified index
• General categories
• Disease index
• Symptom index
• Treatment Index
• Special categories
• Simple index
• Cumulative index

11.Properties of index

• Clarity, simplicity, and objectivity
• Validity
• Reliability
• Quantifiability
• Sensitivity
• Acceptability

Indices For Oral Disease Long Essays

Question 1. Define indexes & classify them. Write about its ideal requisites.
(or) Classify various indices of the oral cavity. (or )Ideal requirements of index.
Answer:

Indexes Definition:

A numerical value describing the relative status of a population on a graduated scale with definite upper & lower limits, which is designed to permit & facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria & methods

Classification of Indexes :

• Based on the direction in which their scores can fluctuate
• Irreversible index
  • An index that measures conditions whose scores will not decrease on subsequent examination.
• Example: DMFT index
• Reversible index
  • An index that measures conditions that can increase or decrease on subsequent examination. Ex. Gingival index
• Depending upon the extent to which areas of the oral cavity are measured
• Full mouth index
  • Those indices measure the patient’s entire dentition. Example: PI
• Simplified index
  • These indices measure only a representative sample of the dental apparatus. Example: OH1-S
• General categories
  • Disease index
    • D- portion of DMFT index
• Symptom index
  • Measuring gingiva/sulcular bleeding
• Treatment Index
  • F portion of the DMFT index
• Special categories
  • Simple index
    • Measures the presence or absence of a condition
• Cumulative index
  • Measures all the evidence of a condition, past or present

Indexes Ideal Requisites:

1. Clarity, simplicity & objectivity:

• The examiner should remember the rules of the index clearly
• The index should be simple & easy to apply
• The criteria should be objective

2. Validity:

• The index should measure what it is intended to measure
• It should correspond to the clinical stages of the disease under study

3. Reliability:

The index should measure consistently at different times & under a variety of conditions

4. Quantifiability:

The index should be amenable to statistical analysis so that the status can be expressed by a number

5. Sensitivity:

The index should be able to detect small shifts in either direction

6. Acceptability:

The use of an index should not be painful or demeaning to the subject

Question 2. Define an index & describe the CPITN index
(or) Define index. Describe the CPITN with its objectives, scoring system, advantages & limitations.
Answer:

Index Cpitn Index

Index  Objectives:

• To survey & evaluate periodontal treatment needs
• identify actual & potential problems posed by periodontal diseases both in the community & in the individual

Index  Advantages:

• Simplicity
• Speed
• International uniformity

Index  Limitations:

• Does not record the position of the gingival margin
• Does not provide an assessment of past periodontal breakdown

Index  Procedure:

• The dentition is divided into sextants for assessment of periodontal treatment needs
• Each sextant is given a score

Index  Sextants:

Index  Probing Procedure:

• A tooth is probed to determine pocket depth & to detect subgingival calculus & bleeding response
• The probe is inserted between the tooth & the gingival, & the sulcus depth or pocket depth is noted against the color
• A tooth should be probed in at least 6 points, the mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and corresponding sites on lingual surfaces

Code & Criteria

Question 3. Classify them. Add a note on DMFT &. DMFS index &. on its limitations.
Answer:

Dmft Index:

Developed by Henry T Klein, Carole E Palmer & Knutson ] W in 1938

Dmft Index Components:

• D- used to describe decayed teeth
  • M- used to missing teeth due to decay
  • F- used to describe a number of teeth attacked by caries but which have been restored

Dmft Index Calculation:

• Individual DMFT= D+M+F
• Group average
  • Total DMF / total number of subjects examined

Dmft Index Limitations:

• Not related to the number of teeth at risk
• Invalid in an older individual
• Misleading in children
• Overestimate caries experience in teeth
• Little use in root caries
• Equates a disease state with a healthy state

Dmfs Index:

Dmft Index Components:

• D- used to describe decayed teeth surface
• M- used to missing teeth surface due to decay
• F- used to describe the number of teeth surfaces attacked by caries but which have been restored

Dmft Index Calculation:

• If 28 teeth are examined
• 16 posterior teeth[16*5)= 80 surfaces
• 12 anterior teeth( 12*4)= 48 surfaces
• Total= 128 surfaces
• If third molars are included (4*5)= 20 surfaces
• Total= 148 surfaces

Dmft Index Limitations:

• Time-consuming
  • Likely to produce inconsistencies in diagnosis
  • May require the use of a radiograph

Indices For Oral Disease Short Essays

Question 1. Dean’s fluorosis index.
Answer:

Dean’s fluorosis index

• Introduced by Trendley H dean in 1934
• It is an index for the assessment of dental fluorosis
• It is the most widely used fluorosis index since 1942

Question 2. Oral hygiene index.
Answer:

Oral hygiene index

Described by John C. Greene & Jack R. Vermillion in 1960

Oral hygiene index Methodology:

• Components
• Debris index
• Calculus index
• The dental arch is divided into three segments

The surface covered by debris & calculus is estimated

Scoring For Dl-S:

Scoring For Cl-S:

Interpretation For Dl-S & Cl-S:

Interpretation For OHI:

Question 3. Composite index.
Answer:

Composite index

The periodontal index is a composite index because it records both the reversible changes due to gingivitis & irreversible changes brought about by periodontal disease

Composite Index Method:

• Teeth examined
• All teeth present are assessed for gingival inflammation & periodontal involvement
• Scoring is given

Composite Index Calculation:

PI score per person= sum of individual score/number of teeth present

Question 4. Oral hygiene index-simplified.
Answer:

Oral hygiene index simplified

Described by John C.Greene & Jack R.Vermillion in 1964

Index-simplified Tooth Examined:

• 16/17,11,16/27
• 46/47,31,36/37

index-simplified Surfaces Examined:

• Facial surfaces of 16/17,11, 26/27, 31
• Lingual surfaces of 36/37,46/47

index-simplified Sites:

• DI-S- incisal third to gingival third
• CI-S – distal gingival crevice subgingivally from distal to mesial contact

Question 5. Loe & Sillness index.
Answer:

Stillness Index Teeth Examined:

All or selected teeth

Stillness Index Surfaces:

• Distal facial papillae
• Facial margin
• Mesial facial papillae
• Lingual margin

Scoring:

Stillness Index Calculation:

• For individual tooth
• Score / 4
• For individual person
• Total score/ total teeth examined

Interpretation:

Question 6. Caries index for primary dentition.
Answer:

Primary Dentition Def Index:

• Described by Gruebbel A.O. in 1944
  • d- decayed tooth e
  • e- extracted tooth e
  • f- filled tooth

Primary Dentition Examination Method:

• d- decayed teeth
• e-extracted teeth
  • Indicates those deciduous teeth which have been extracted due to caries or which have badly decayed that they are indicated for extraction
• f-filled teeth
  • Indicates the number of deciduous teeth that have been attacked by caries but which have been restored without any recurrent decay present

Primary dentition Calculation:

• For deciduous teeth 20 teeth are present
• For the def index maximum score is 20
• For deaths maximum score is 88, it is as follows
• 8 posterior teeth(8*5)= 40 surfaces
• 12 anterior teeth( 12*4)= 48 surfaces

Question 7. Define index. Write notes on DMFT and DMFS.
Answer:

Dmft Index:

Developed by Henry T Klein, Carole E palmer & Knutson J W in 1938

Dmft Index Components:

• D- used to describe decayed teeth
• M- used to missing teeth due to decay
• F- used to describe a number of teeth attacked by caries but which have been restored

Dmft Index Calculation:

• Individual DMFT= D+M+F
• Group average
• Total DMF / total number of subjects examined

Dmfs Index:

Components:

• D- used to describe decayed teeth surface
• M- used to missing teeth surface due to decay
• F- used to describe a number of teeth surfaces attacked by caries but which have been restored

Dmft Index Calculation:

• If 28 teeth are examined
• 16 posterior teeth(16*5)= 80 surfaces
• 12 anterior teeth( 12*4)= 48 surfaces
• Total= 128 surfaces
• If third molars are included (4*5)= 20 surfaces
• Total= 148 surfaces

Indices For Oral Disease Short Question And Answers

Question 1. DMF index.
Answer:

DMF index

Developed by Henry T Klein, Carole E palmer & Knutson J W in 1938

DMF index Components

• D- used to describe decayed teeth
• M- used to missing teeth due to decay
• F- used to describe the number of teeth attacked by caries but which have been restored

DMF index Limitations:

• Not related to the number of teeth at risk
• Invalid in an older individual
• Misleading in childer
• Overestimate carries experience in teeth
• Little use in root caries
• Equates a disease state with a healthy state

Question 2. Community fluorosis index.
Answer:

Community fluorosis index

• Devised by Trendley H. Dean in 1946
• It is to calculate the prevalence & severity of fluorosis in a group or community
• Index = nXw/N
• Where
  • n= number of individuals in each category
  • w= weighting for each category
  • N= total population

Question 3. Uses of PI.
Answer:

Uses of PI

• Estimate deeper periodontal disease
• Measure the presence or absence of gingival inflammation & its severity
• Pocket formation
• Masticatory function

Question 4. Validity of index.
Answer:

Validity of index

• The index should measure what it is intended to measure
• It should correspond to the clinical stages of the disease under study

Indices For Oral Disease Viva Voce

1. Def index measures dental caries in the primary dentition.
2. Cumulative indices measure all the evidence of past and present condition
3. The gingival index is also known as Loe and Silness and the Plaque index is also known as Silness and Loe index
4. The periodontal disease index is given by Ramfjord
5. Sulcus bleeding index and papillary bleeding index measure gingival bleeding
6. The weight of the CPITN probe is 5 grams
7. The length of the CPITN probe is 14 mm
8. In DMFT, decayed tooth includes
9. A tooth with caries below the existing restoration
10. A tooth with a temporary restoration
11. An index measuring the periodontal disease of an individual is classified under a composite index
12. Plaque index is an example of a reversible index
13. The plaque index measures the thickness of plaque at the gingival third
14. Russell periodontal index does not measures gingival recession