Haemorrhage Shock And Blood Transfusion Short Question and Answer

Question 1. Types of shock.

Answer:

Various types of shock are as follows:

Haemorrhage Shock And Blood Transfusion Types Of Shock

Question 2. Septic shock.

Answer:

Aetiology:

  • Release of endotoxin by gram-negative organisms.
  • Severe septicaemia.
  • Peritonitis.
  • Meningitis

Question 3. Neurogenic shock.

Answer:

Neurogenic Shock Causes:

  • Paraplegia, quadriplegia.
  • Trauma to the spinal cord.
  • Spinal anaesthesia.

Neurogenic Shock Clinical Features:

  • Skin remains warm, pink and well-perfused.
  • Urinary output – normal.
  • Heart rate-rapid.
  • Blood pressure is decreased.

Question 4. Cardiogenic shock.

Answer:

Cardiogenic Shock Causes:

  • Injury to heart
  • Myocardial infarction.
  • Cardiac arrhythmia.
  • Congestive cardiac failure.

Cardiogenic Shock Clinical Features:

  • Initially
    • Skin is pale and cool.
    • Urine output reduced.
  • Later
    • Rapid pulse.
    • Hypotension
    • Distended neck veins.
    • The liver is enlarged.
    • The heart becomes enlarged.

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Question 5. Hypovolaemic shock.

Answer:

Hypovolaemic Shock Causes:

  • Blood and plasma loss
  • Electrolyte loss.

Question 6. Crush Syndrome.

Answer:

Crush Syndrome

It is a symptom complex in which a portion of the body becomes crushed due to a heavy weight falling on that portion and is kept there for some time to crush all the tissues in that portion.

Crush Syndrome Causes:

  • Earthquakes
  • Mine injuries
  • Air raids
  • Collapse of building.
  • Use of tourniquet for a longer period.

Crush Syndrome Clinical Features:

  • Extravasaion of blood into muscles.
  • Muscles are crushed and swollen.
  • Acute renal tubular necrosis.
  • Reduced urinary output.
  • Tense and painful extremities.

Crush Syndrome Treatment:

  • Application of tourniquet.
  • Parallel incisions are made to relieve tension.
  • Administration of intravenous fluid.
  • Catheterization of bladder.
  • Hemodialysis is a severe condition.

Question 7. Hypokalaemia.

Answer:

Hypokalaemia

Potassium deficiency in diet is called hypokalemia.

Hypokalaemia Causes:

  • Following trauma.
    • Starvation
    • Loss of gastrointestinal secretion.

Hypokalaemia Clinical features:

  • Gradual onset of drowsiness.
  • Slow and slurred speech.
  • Irritability.
  • Muscular hypotonia and weakness.
  • Absence of deep reflexes.
  • Slow pulse rate.
  • Diminished intestinal motility.
  • Low BP.
  • Skin remains warm and dry.

Hypokalaemia Treatment:

  • Replacement of potassium deficit.

Question 8. Acidosis.

Answer:

Acidosis

An increase in pH leads to acidosis.

Acidosis Types:

  1. Metabolic acidosis.
    • In it, there is a gain or retention of fixed acids or loss of base.
    • Cause:
      • Diabetic acidosis.
      • Lactic acidosis.
      • Renal insufficiency.
      • Rapid transfusion of bank blood.
      • Diarrhoea.
    • Clinical Features:
      • Increase in rate and depth of breathing.
      • Rapid and noisy respiration.
      • Raised pulse rate and blood pressure.
      • Urine becomes strongly acidic.
    • Treatment:
      • Administration of ringer’s lactate solution.
  2. Respiratory acidosis.
    • Causes:
      • Lung disorders.
      • Peritonitis
      • Crush injury.
      • Depressed respiratory centre.
      • Airway obstruction.

Acidosis Clinical Features:

  • Slow rise in BP.
  • Abnormal respiration.
  • Restlessness.
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia.

Acidosis Treatment:

  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Endotracheal intubation.
  • Avoid over-sedation and over-use of muscle relaxants.

Question 9. Haemorrhage.

Answer:

Haemorrhage

Haemorrhage is defined as the escape of blood from blood vessels.

Haemorrhage Classification:

  1. Based on the bleeding haemorrhage.
    • External and internal.
    • Arterial, venous or capillary.
  2. Based on the time of appearance.
    • Primary – Secondary – Reactionary.

Question 10. Secondary Haemorrhage.

Answer:

Secondary Haemorrhage

It is a bleeding that occurs usually after 7-14 days of injury.

Secondary Haemorrhage Causes:

  • Infection.
  • Sloughing part of the arterial wall.

Secondary Haemorrhage Clinical features:

  • Preceded by warning haemorrhage staining the dressings.
  • Followed by moderate to severe haemorrhages.

Secondary Haemorrhage Types:

  • Externally – example: at operation site of haemorrhoids- tomy.
  • Internally Example: haematemesis following peptic ulcer operation.

Question 11. Hemophilia.

Answer:

Hemophilia

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder of coagulation factors.

Hemophilia Types:

  1. Hemophilia A-classic haemophilia – due to factor 8 deficiency.
  2. Hemophilia B-Christmas disease -due to factor 9 deficiency.
  3. Von Willebrand’s disease due to deficiency of von Willebrand factor.

Hemophilia Clinical features:

  • Easy bruising
  • Prolonged bleeding.
  • Spontaneous bleeding into subcutaneous tissue.
  • GIT bleeding.
  • Hpitaxis.
  • Recurrent haemarthrosis.
  • Hematuria.
  • Intracranial haemorrhage.

Question 12. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DTC)

Answer:

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DTC)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a complex thrombo-hemorrhagic disorder occurring as a secondary complication in some systemic diseases.

Pathogenesis:

  • Includes
  1. Activation of coagulation
  2. Thrombotic phase
  3. Consumption phase.
  4. Secondary fibrinolysis.

Question 13. Blood groups.

Answer:

Blood groups

Blood groups are classified based on the presence or absence of specific agglutinogen or antigen on the surface of RBC.

Major blood groups are:

1. ABO system

Haemorrhage Shock And Blood Transfusion Blood Groups

2. Rh blood group.

    • Rh factor is an antigen present in RBC.
    • Persons having D antigen are called Rh-positive.

Question 14. Rh factor.

Answer:

Rh factor

  • Rh factor is an antigen present in RBC.
  • It was first discovered by Landsteiner and Weiner in rhesus monkey.
  • It is detected only in RBCs
  • It is inherited from both parents as homozygous positive DD, heterozygous negative Dd or homozygous negative dd.
  • Rh Antibody is absent in plasma.
  • But its production can be evoked by.
    • Transfusion with Rh-positive blood.
    • Entrance of Rh-positive blood from foetus into circulation of Rh-negative mother.

Question 15. Blood Transfusion.

Answer:

Blood Transfusion

It is a process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another.

Blood Transfusion Types:

  1. Typical stored CPD blood from the blood bank.
  2. Filtered blood-filtered through a membrane with 40 |im pores.
  3. Warm blood is used in cardiopulmonary operations.
  4. Autotransfusion – preserving and then transfusing one’s blood.
  5. Replacement transfusion – used in newborns.

Haemorrhage Shock And Blood Transfusion

Question 16. Indications of blood transfusion.

Answer:

Acute haemorrhage.

  • During operations, preoperatively and postoperatively.
  • Anaemia.
  • Malnutrition.
  • In severe burns.
  • In coagulation disorders.
  • In erythroblastosis fetalis.
  • During chemotherapy.

Question 17. Complications of blood transfusion.

Answer:

Complications of blood transfusion

  1. Transfusion reactions
    • Incompatibility
    • Pyrexia reactions
    • Allergic reactions
    • Sensitisation to leucocytes and platelets
  2. Transmission of diseases
    • Serum hepatitis
    • AIDS
  3. Reactions caused by massive transfusion.
    • Acid-base imbalance.
    • Hyperkalaemia.
    • Citrate toxicity.
    • Hypothermia.
    • Failure of coagulation.
  4. Complication of over-transfusion.
    • Congestive cardiac failure.
  5. Other complications.
    • Thrombophlebitis
    • Air embolism.

Question 18. Types of haemorrhage

Answer:

Types of haemorrhage

  1. According to the source
    • External haemorrhage – seen externally
    • Internal haemorrhage – not seen externally
  2. According to the vessels involved
    • Arterial haemorrhage – haemorrhage coming out of the artery
    • Venous haemorrhage – haemorrhage coming out of vein
    • Capillary haemorrhage – haemorrhage coming out of the capillary
  3. According to the time of appearance
    • Primary haemorrhage – at the time of injury
    • Reactionary haemorrhage – within 24 hours of injury
    • Secondary haemorrhage – after 7-14 days of injury

Question 19. Reactions to blood transfusion

Answer:

Reactions to blood transfusion

Haemorrhage Shock And Blood Transfusion Reactions To Bllod Transfusion

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