Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal System Notes

Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal System Important Notes

1. Barium swallow
   • Uses
     • To study the gastrointestinal tract
     • Visualize break in gut mucosa
     • Detects mucosal abnormalities
     • Detects motility disorders
     • Shows filling defect caused by varices or tumor
     • Detects hiatus hernia or diverticulum
2. Stool examination
3. Dental caries
   • It is progressive destruction of mineral and organic constituents of both enamel and dentin
   • Fluoride is used to protect it
   • Etiological agent
     • Bad oral hygiene
     • Staph. Aureus responsible for initiation of caries activity
     • Lactobacillus leads to acid formation
   • Progression of disease
     • Dental caries → acute pulpitis → periapical granuloma → periapical cyst
4. Ludwig’s angina
   • It is a subcutaneous infection involving all three salivary glands – parotid, submandibular and sub lingual
   • Clinical features
   • Swelling on floor of mouth
   • Elevation of tongue
   • Difficulty in breathing or chewing
5. Periodontal disease
   • Progression of disease
     • Gingivitis → involvement of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament → bone resorption → loss of attachment of periodontal ligament → pocket formation
   • Result
     • Mobile teeth
     • Recurrent abscess formation
     • Poor prognosis
6. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
   • Etiology
     • Fusiform spirochaetes
   • Clinical features
     • Gingival bleeding
     • Gingival necrosis
     • Ulceration
     • Halitosis
     • Regional lymphadenopathy
7. Changes in gingiva in different diseases
8. Causes of stomatitis
   • Infective
     • Bad oral hygiene
     • Low immunity
   • Nutritional
     • Iron deficiency
     • Vitamin B complex deficiency
9. Drugs used in different diseases of oral cavity
10. Dysphagia
    • It is defined as a sensation of obstruction of the passage of food through the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus
    • Causes
      • Extrinsic pressure – mediastinal glands, goiter, enlarged left atrium
      • Intrinsic lesion – foreign bodies, stricture, lower oesophageal rings, pharyngeal pouch
      • Oesophageal motility disorders – scleroderma, diabetes mellitus
11. Plummer Vinson syndrome
    • It is characterized by dysphagia, iron deficiency anemia, dystrophy of nails and glossitis
12. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
    • Characterised by haematemesis and melaena
    • Causes
      • Peptic ulcer
      • Gastric erosion
      • Varices
      • Oesophagitis
      • Cancer of stomach or esophagus
13. Mallory Weiss tear
    • It is one of the cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
    • It occurs at the oesophagogastric junction
14. GERD
    • Burning pain is produced by bending, stooping, or lying down
    • Pain seldom radiates to arm
    • Pain precipitates by drinking hot liquids or alcohols
    • Relieved by antacids
15. Dyspepsia or peptic ulcer
    • It means an ulcer in the wall of stomach or duodenum caused by the digestive action of gastric juice
    • Types
      • Gastric ulcer
    • It is peptic ulcer occurring in stomach
    • In it pain occurs while eating or drinking and is relieved by vomiting
    • It is associated with anorexia and weight loss
      • Duodenal ulcer
    • It is peptic ulcer found in the duodenum
    • In it pain is felt 1-2 hours after food intake and during night
    • Pain is relieved by taking food
16. Gastritis
    • It is acute or chronic inflammation of stomach
    • Types:
17. Diarrhea
    • It refers to frequent loose stools
    • Bacteria causing it are
      • Staph. Aureus
      • Bacillus cereus
      • CI. perfringens
      • Cl. Botulinum
      • Salmonella
      • Vibrio cholera
    • Treatment
      • Fluid replacement
      • Antibiotics
        • Oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole
18. Traveller’s diarrhea
    • Acute diarrhea seen in tourists
    • May resolve spontaneously
    • Drug used is loperamide in adults

Read And Learn More: General Medicine Question and Answers

1. Malabsorption syndrome
   • Refers to defective absorption of one or more essential nutrients through the intestine
   • Etiology
     • Disorders of maldigestion
     • Deficiency of bile acids
     • Genetic abnormality
     • Metabolic defects
   • Treatment
     • Gluten-free diet
     • Vitamin and mineral supplements
     • Corticosteroids
2. Lactose intolerance
   • Occurs due to a deficiency of lactose
   • Clinical features
     • Intestinal colic
     • Distension of abdomen
     • Increased flatus
       • After ingestion of milk
     • Followed by diarrhoea
   • Treatment
     • Intake of lactose-restricted diet
3. Amoebiasis
   • Caused by entamoeba histolytica
   • Clinical features
     • Fever, nausea, vomiting
     • 2-4 loose stools per day mixed with blood and mucous
     • Pam in abdomen
     • Necrotizing colitis with mucosal sloughing, ulceration, and bleeding
   • Drugs used
     • Oral metronidazole 800 mg TID for 5 days or
     • Oral tinidazole 2 g daily for 3 days or
     • Oral secnidazole 2 g single dose
4. Hematemesis and hemoptysis