Diseases Of The Arteries Veins And Lymphatic System Short Answers

Diseases Of The Arteries Veins And Lymphatic System Short Answers

Question 1. Aneurysm of aorta.

Answer:

Aneurysm of aorta

It is an abnormal enlargement of the wall of the aorta.

Aneurysm of aorta Types:

1. Abdominal aortic eneurysm.
   • Aneurysm occurring in the section of the aorta that runs through abdomen.
2. Thoracic aorta aneurysm.
   • It is aneurysm occurring in the chest area.
3. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.
   • Involves aorta as it flows through both the abdomen and chest.

Aneurysm of aorta Features:

• Pain in the jaw, neck, upper back, or chest
• Coughing.
• Hoarseness of voice.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Pulsating enlargement.

Question 2. Mycotic aneurysm.

Answer:

Mycotic aneurysm

• Mycotic aneurysm is an aneurysm arising from bacterial infection of the arterial wall.
• It is caused by streptococcus pneumonia.

Mycotic aneurysm Symptoms:

• Fever
• Leucocytosis
• Palpable mass.

Question 3. Cricoid aneurysm/Aneurysmal bone cyst.

Answer:

Cricoid aneurysm

Circoid aneurysm involves the bone anywhere in the body including the jaws.

Cricoid aneurysm Clinical Features:

• Age – 10 – 19 years of age.
• Sex – occurs commonly in females.
• Rapid, enlarging, diffuse, firm swelling occurs.
• Swelling is painful.
• Perforation of cysts causes profuse bleeding.
• Paraesthesia.

Question 4. Signs of Aneurysm.

Answer:

Signs of Aneurysm

• Expansile pulsation in the course of artery.
• Pulsation diminishes when pressure is applied
• Compressible swelling.
• Thrill is palpable over swelling
• Bruit is heard.

Read And Learn More: General Surgery Question and Answers

Question 5. Arteriography.

Answer:

Arteriography

• It is most reliable method of determining the state of main arterial tree.
• It gives information about.
  • Size of lumen of artery.
  • Course of artery.
  • Constriction and dilatation of arteries.
  • Condition of collateral circulation.

Arteriography Methods:

1. Retrograde percutaneous catheterization.
2. Direct arterial puncture.

Question 6. Embolism.

Answer:

Embolism Definition: Embolism is the partial/complete obstruction of some part of the cardiovascular system by any mass carried in the circulation.

Embolism Types:

1. Depending upon the matter in the emboli.
   • Solid emboli.
   • Liquid emboli.
   • Gaseous emboli.
2. Depending upon whether infected or not
   • Sterile
   • Septic.
3. Depending upon the source of emboli.
   • Cardiac
   • Arterial
   • Venous
   • Lymphatic
4. Depending upon the flow of blood.
   • Paradoxical embolus.
   • Retrograde embolus.

Question 7. Pulmonary embolism.

Answer:

Pulmonary embolism Definition: Pulmonary embolism is the most common and fatal form of venous thromboembolism in which there is occlusion of the pulmonary arterial tree by thrombotic emboli.

Etiology:

• Varicosities in superifical veins of legs.

Pulmonary embolism Complication:

• Acute corpulmonale
• Chronic corpulmonale
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary infarction.
• Pulmonary haemorrhage.
• Sudden death.

Question 8. Raynaud’s disease.

Answer:

Raynaud’s disease Definition: It is a condition characterized by episodic attacks of vasospasm in response to cold exposure or emotional stimuli.

Raynaud’s disease Phases:

1. Intense pallor
2. Cyanosis
3. Rubor.

Etiology:

• Unknown etiology.
• Secondary to systemic diseases like
• Buerger’s disease.

Question 9. Subclavin steal syndrome.

Answer:

Subclavin steal syndrome

• It is a condition in which there is atherosclerotic stenosis of the subclavian artery proximal to the site of origin of the vertebral artery.

Subclavin steal syndrome Clinical features:

• Reduction in pressure in subclavian beyond the stenosis.
• Retrograde blood flow
• Syncopal attack.
• Visual disturbances.
• Decreased pulse and blood pressure
• Localised bruit inthe supraclavicular space.

Question 10. Trendelenburg’s test.

Answer:

Trendelenburg’s test

• Trendelenburg’s test is used to determine the incompetency of the saphenofemoral valve.
• It can be performed in two ways.

1. Patient is placed in a recumbent position.
   • Legs are raised
   • Sapheno-femoral junction is compressed with thumb of the clinician and the patient is asked to stand up quickly.
   • Pressure is released.
   • If the varies fill very quickly, it indicates a positive Trendelenburg’s test.
2. Patient is placed in recumbent position.
   • Legs are raised
   • Sapheno-femoral junction is compressed and patient is asked to stand up quickly.
   • Pressure is maintained for 1 minute.
   • Gradual filling of varices indicated positive Trendelenburg’s test.

Question 11. Commando’s operation.

Answer:

Commando’s operation Indication: When carcinoma of tongue is fixed to the mandible

Commando’s operation Steps:

• Hemiglossectomy.
• Hemimandibulectomy.
• Removal of floor of the mouth.
• Radical neck dissection.

Commando’s operation Structure removed:

• Fat, fascia, lymphatics.
• Lymph nodes – submental, submandibular deep cervical nodes, posterior group of nodes.
• Submandibular salivary gland.
• Sternomastoid.
• Internal jugular vein.
• Spinal accessory nerve.

Question 12. Clinical staging of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Answer:

Clinical staging of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Stage 1: Involvement of single lymph node.

Stage 2: Involvement of 2/ more lymph node on same side of diaphragm.

Stage 3: Involvement of 2/more lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm.

Stage 4: Diffuse involvement of extra-lymphoid organs with or without lymph node involvement.

Question 13. Histological classification of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Answer:

Histological classification of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

1. Type 1 – Lymphocyte predominant type.
   • Reed Sternberg (RS) cells are scanty; scattered among large number of matured lymphocytes.
2. Type 2 – mixed cellularity.
   • There is significant number of eosinophils, neutrophils, plasma cells, and atypical histio- cytesalongwith. RS cells and lymphocytes.
3. Type 3 – Nodular sclerosis.
   • Presence of broad collagen bands separating the lymphoid tissue.
4. Type 4 – lymphocyte depletion.
   • Lymphocytes are few
   • Presence of malignant appearing histiocytes.

Question 14. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Answer:

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

It is a group of primary malignancy of lymph-reticular tissue.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Classification:

1. Histological.
   • Lymphocyte predominant
   • Mixed cellularity
   • Nodular sclerosis.
   • Lymphocyte depletion.
2. Based on the prognosis.
   • Nodular – favorable prognosis.
   • Diffuse-unfavorable prognosis.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Clinical features:

• Extranodal involvement.
• Fever with night sweats
• Weight loss
• Local invasion of adjacent structures
• Regional lymphadenopathy.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Management:

• Staging laparotomy is required
• Splenectomy.

Question 14. Lymphadenitis.

Answer:

Lymphadenitis

Lymphadenitis is the inflammation of lymph nodes.

Lymphadenitis Clinical features:

• Site involved – lymph nodes under neck, in the axilla, or in the groin.
• Lymph nodes are enlarged.
• Firm, painful enlargement occurs
• Hyperaemic overlying skin.
• Fever

Lymphadenitis Treatment:

• Analgesic
• Antibiotic
• Abscess drainage.

Question 15. Lymphosarcoma.

Answer:

Lymphosarcoma Definition: It is defined as a malignant neoplastic disorder of the lymphoid tissue characterized by proliferation of atypical lymphocytes and their localization. In various parts of the body.

Lymphosarcoma Clinical Features:

• Age – common in children.
• Lymph nodes involved – in neck, mediastinum, and abdomen.
• Extra-nodal involvement – spleen, tonsil, pharynx, bowel.
• Enlargement of lymph nodes.
• Constitutional symptoms – fever, loss of weight, anemia, anorexia, weakness.
• The overlying skin is shiny and tense
• Surface is irregular.

Lymphosarcoma Treatment:

• Radiotherapy.
• Chemotherapy – in case of diffuse involvement.

Question 16. Microscopic appearance of tuberculous lymphadenitis.

Answer:

Microscopic appearance of tuberculous lymphadenitis

• Tubercles are seen consisting of epithelial cells and gaint cells with peripherally arranged nuclei.
• Next lymphocytes with darkly stained nuclei and scanty cytoplasm appears.
• As the disease progresses caseation necorsis occurs.
• Thus, in the center of follicle caseation occurs
• This is surrounded by gaint cells, epitheloid cells, zone of chronic inflammatory cells, and fibroblasts.

Question 17. Malignant secondary lymph node.

Answer:

Malignant secondary lymph node

Can occur commonly from malignant melanoma.

Malignant secondary lymph node Clinical Features:

• Site
• Painless swelling
• Constitutional symptoms – anorexia, weight loss, weakness.
• Lymph nodes are irregular, and discrete.
• They fuse to form a large mass.
• Nodes are usually hard.
• Gradually they gets fixed to the surrounding structures.

Question 18. Use of MRI ion head and neck.

Answer:

Use of MRI ion head and neck

• For study of TMJ deformities in the sagittal plane.
• To evaluate various spaces in head and neck region.
• For nasopharynx, skull base, tongue pathology.
• Posturgical evaluation of TMJ.
• To identify and localize orofacial soft tissue lesions.
• Provides image of salivary gland parenchyma.

Question 19. Lymphatic drainage of tongue.

Answer:

Lymphatic drainage of tongue

Question 20. Waldeye’s ring.

Answer:

Waldeyer’s ring consists of

• Pharyngeal tonsil-posteriorly and above
• Tubal tonsil – laterally and above
• Lingual tonsil – Inferiorly.
• Submandibular nodes
• Retropharyngeal nodes
• Submental nodes
• Jugulodigastric nodes
• Jugular chains of nodes.
• Retropharyngeal node
• Tubal tonsil Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil
• Jugular chain of nodes

Question 21. Causes of wet gangrene

Answer:

Causes of wet gangrene

• Gangrene from acute inflammation
• Long-standing venous thrombosis
• Bed sores
• Gas gangrene

Question 22. Stages of tubercular lymphadenitis

Answer:

Stages of tubercular lymphadenitis