Disease Of Connective Tissues Bones And Joints Short Essays
Osteoporosis-Clinical Features And Treatment
Answer:
Osteoporosis
- Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by increased porosity of the skeleton resulting from reduced bone mass
Osteoporosis Types:
- Localized
- Generalized
- Primary
- Postmenopausal
- Senile
- Primary
- Secondary
- Endocrine disorders
- Neoplasia
- Gastrointestinal disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease that usually affects many joints
- Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by the progressive destruction of the joint structures
Etiology:
- Increased serum IgG
- Increased rheumatoid factor
- Presence of antinuclear antibodies
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Features
- Age- third and fourth decade of life
- Sex- females are more affected
- fever
- Malaise
- Weight loss
- Anaemia
- Raised ESR
- Joint becomes swollen and stiff
- Presence of pain
- Restricted jaw movements
- Tenderness in joints
- Malocclusion
Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment:
- Systemic steroid therapy
- Antibiotics
Gout
- Gout occurs due to increased production of uric acid or decreased renal excretion of uric acid
Gout Clinical Features:
- Gout comprises of four stages
- Onset may be insidious or sudden
- Recurrent attacks
- Aggregate deposits of monosodium urate monohydrate in and around the joints
- Renal diseases
- Uric acid nephrolithiasis
Gout Diagnosis:
- Elevation of serum uric acid levels
- Presence of urate crystals in synovial fluid
Gout Treatment:
- NSAIDS are used
Scleroderma
- Scleroderma is characterized by progressive fibrosis and calcification of skin and mucosa
Scleroderma Etiology:
- Endocrinal disturbances
- Nervous disturbances
- Vascular disturbances
- Allergic reactions
- Infections
Scleroderma Clinical Features
- Cutaneous changes- indurated edema and erythema of the skin
- Fixation of epidermis to underlying tissues
- CVS disturbances
- CNS disturbances
- The tongue becomes stiff and broad
- Difficulty in mouth opening
- Xerostomia
Scleroderma Treatment:
- Corticosteroid therapy
COX-2 Inhibitors
- COX-2 inhibitors are advantageous
- Some of the COX-2 inhibitors are:
- Meloxicam
- Coxibs- celecoxib, rofecoxib, parecoxib, etori- coxib, valdecoxib
- Nimesulide
COX-2 Inhibitors Properties
- Analgesic
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anti-pyretic effect
- Less gastric ulcerogenic effect
- Do not inhibit platelet aggregation
COX-2 Inhibitors Disadvantages
- Increases risk of cardiovascular events
- Increases cerebrovascular thrombotic events
- Increases risk of myocardial infarction and stroke