Developmental Disorders Short Essays

Oral Medicine Developmental Disorders Short Essays

Question 1. Dysgeusia.

Answer:

Dysgeusia

• It refers to a foul taste in the mouth
• Causes:
  • Genetic factors
  • Smoking
  • Lower esophageal sphincter abnormalities
  • Defective gastric emptying
  • Increased abdominal pressure
  • Dietary behavior

Clinical Features:

• It is more common in adults in the third decade of life
• Water brash is a very common complaint
• There is a sudden burst of salivation in the mouth

Management:

• Patients should be encouraged to consume small frequent meals along with antacids instead of large meals
• They should be educated not to go to bed immediately after a heavy meal
• H2blockers: cimetidine 400 mg QID for 4 weeks
• Proton pump inhibitors: omeprazole 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks
• Half a teaspoon of baking soda is added to 250 ml of water, this solution is used as mouth rinse

Read And Learn More: Oral Medicine Question and Answers

Question 2. Regional odontodysplasia.

Answer:

Regional odontodysplasia

It is an uncommon but unique non-hereditary developmental disturbance of teeth characterized by defective formation of enamel and dentin in addition to abnormal pulp and follicle calcification

Etiology:

• Local ischaemic changes in the tissue during odontogenesis

Clinical Features:

• Both the dentition and are affected
• There is no sex predilection
• The maxilla is more affected than the mandible
• It frequently occurs unilaterally
• The centra! and lateral incisors arc rfTrrtrd
• They have a soft leathery surface
• They are yellowish-brown in color

Radiographic Features:

• There is a marked decrease in radiodensity
• The enamel and dentin are very thin
• Pulp chambers are extremely large and open
• They often contain pulp stones

Question 3. Enamel hypoplasia.

Answer

Enamel hypoplasia

It is an incomplete defective formation of organic enamel matrix

Classification:

• Mild: There may be only a few small grooves, pits, and fissures on the enamel surface
• Moderate: They exhibit rows of deep pits arranged horizontally across the surface
• Severe: A considerable portion of enamel may be absent

Types:

• Hypoplasia due to nutritional deficiency
  • Horizontal pitting occurs in rows on the teeth undergoing matrix formation at the time of dietary deficiency or during a febrile episode
  • Pitting picks up stains and discoloration occurs
• Hypoplasia due to exanthematous disease
  • There is a temporary elevation of body temperature
  • Ameloblasts may be adversely affected
• Syphilitic hypoplasia
  • It involves maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors and 1!’ molars
  • Upper incisors are screw-shaped with a central notch called” Hutchinson’s incisors”
• Hypoplasia due to hypocalcemia
  • Tetany induced by decreased level of calcium in the blood
  • There is a defective formation of the enamel
  • It is usually a pitting type
• Hypoplasia due to birth injury
  • Involves maxillary primary ln< Isom
  • It is due to T.i r rlisturbarx or mrtahollf dhordet
  • A wide band or line of enamel affects the primary truth of children associated with premature birth or low birth weight
  • It may affect the process of amelogenesis
• Turner’s hypoplasia
  • It results in Hue to focal enamel hypoplasia
  • Tire trauma or the infection in the existing deciduous tooth may cause damage to the ameloblast cells forming the crown of the underlying permanent suc¬cessor
  • The tooth affected in this process is called “Turner’s tooth”

Types: Based On The Severity Of The Defect:

• Slight pitting observed
• Smooth surface with pitted areas
• Grossly deformed with yellowish or brownish discoloration of the surface
• Dental fluorosis:
  • It is due to disturbance in tootle formation caused by excessive intake of fluoride, during the formation period of dentition
• Tetracycline hypoplasia
  • Tetracycline may be Inrorpocatcd in calcifying enamel matrix by the formation of tetracycline calcium orthophosphate complex
  • Varying degree of hypocakificatlon of teeth exists

Management:

• Restoration: to confine the area of involvement
• Crown: in severe hypoplasia
• Bleaching with 30% H₂O₂
• Calcium sucrose phosphate gel
• Desensitizing paste

Question 4. Anodontla.

Answer:

Types:

• True: It is a congenital absence of teeth
• False: It is due to the extraction of teeth
• Pseudo: It is due to multiple unerupted teeth in the jaw

Etiology:

• Genetic causes: Hereditary syndrome
• Radiation

Clinical Features:

• Sex: it is common in women
• Site: it may be unilateral or bilateral
• Commonly missing teeth are 3rd molar, maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary or mandibular 2nd premolar

Features:

• Microdontia
• Reduced alveolar development
• Increase freeway space
• Retained primary teeth

Management:

• Orthodontic treatment: to correct malocclusion
• Prosthesis:
  • Traditional fixed prostheses and resin-bonded bridges are given

Question 5. Glossopyrosis.

Answer:

Glossopyrosis

It refers to a burning sensation in the tongue

Etiology:

• Local factors:
  • Habits: excessive use of tobacco Dental causes- ill-fitted dentures
  • Referred pain from infected teeth Local tongue disorders Electrogalvanic discharge
  • Allergy to denture base materials
• Systemic factors
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Amyloidosis
  • Pernicious anemia
  • Diabetes
  • Vitamin B deficiency
• Neurological disorders
  • Trigeminal neuralgia
  • Damage to the lingual nerve

Management:

• Removal of local cause
• Muscle relaxants
• Management of systemic causes
• Topical analgesics 0.5% of Diphenhydramine
• A mixture of 0.5% dyclonine or lidocaine with Diphenhydramine.

Question 6. Hairy tongue.

Answer:

Etiology:

• Formation of excess keratin causes elongation of the filiform papillae on the dorsal tongue
• May be infected with Candida albicans

Features:

• Elongation of the filiform papillae
• White to yellow
• Located on the posterior dorsal tongue
• Patients often have poor oral hygiene
• Patients may complain of bad taste

Treatment:

• Elimination of predisposing factors
• Cleaning the dorsal tongue with a soft toothbrush
• Treat Candidiasis if present

Question 7. Dentigerous imperfect.

Answer:

Dentigerous imperfect

• Classification:
  • Shield type 1: It occurs with osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Shield type 2: It is not associated with osteogenesis imperfect
  • Shield type 3: It has got shell teeth appearance and multiple pulp exposure
• Clinical Features:
  • Shield type 1:
    • Multiple bone fractures hyperextensible joints
    • Blue sclera Progressive deafness
    • Deciduous teeth are more affected
    • The color of the teeth varies from blue to brownish-violet to yellowish brown
    • Amber translucency of both the dentition
    • Rapid attrition of the teeth is seen
    • There is scalloping of DEJ
    • In the incisor region the crowns are more squarish The posteriors are flatter
  • Shield type 2:
    • Similar features but not associated with osteogenesis imperfect
  • Shield type 3:
    • Both the dentition are affected
    • The thickness of the enamel is normal
    • Dentin is very thin
    • Opalescent color, bell-shaped crown, and multiple pulp exposure

Question 8. Geographic tongue.

Answer:

Geographic tongue

It is defined as an irregularly shaped reddish area of depopulation and thinning of dorsal tongue epithelium which is surrounded by a narrow zone of regenerating papillae that are whiter than the surrounding tongue surface

Etiology:

• Immunological reaction
• Allergic reaction
• Emotional factors
• Hereditary factors
• Infections
• Nutritional deficiency

Classification:

• Type 1- Lesions are confined to the tongue
• Type 2- Lesions are also seen elsewhere in the mouth
• Type 3- Lesions on the tongue that are not typical and that may be accompanied by lesions elsewhere in the mouth
• Type 4- No tongue lesions are present but geographic areas are present in the mouth

Clinical Features:

• Age-5-84 years
• Sex- slight predilection to females
• Site- dorsal surface and lateral margins of the tongue
• Size- varies in diameter
• Presentation
  • It is asymptomatic
  • The patient may complain of a burning sensation on spicy foods or intake of citrus fruits
  • It appears as an erythematous, non-indurated, atrophic lesion
  • Bordered by slightly elevated distinct rim
  • Multiple areas of desquamation of filiform papilla in an irregular fashion are seen
  • The central portion appears inflamed
  • Fungiform papilla persists as elevated red dots

Differential Diagnosis:

• Psoriasis- skin lesions are present
• Lichen planus

Management:

• Topical application of anesthetic agents
• Balanced diet
• Elimination of irritants
• Psychological reassurance
• Topical corticosteroids

Question 9. Amelogenesis imperfecta.

Answer:

Amelogenesis imperfecta

• Amelogenesis imperfecta is a developmental defect of the enamel with heterogenous etiology that affects the enamel of both the primary and permanent denti¬tion

Etiology:

• Genetic mutation
• It is an autosomal dominant trait

Clinical Features:

• It has a wide range of clinical appearance
• Enamel appears pitted with horizontal and vertical ridges
• There is defective maturation of the crystal structure
• Affected teeth are mottled, and opaque with white-brown yellowish discoloration
• They have enlarged pulp chambers

Types:

• Hypocalcified type
• Hypomaturation type
• Hypoplastic type

Treatment:

• Veneering or capping of teeth