Class 6 Social Science

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Class 6 Social Science History Notes For Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Facts To Remember

About eighty years ago; finding of the remains of the city of Harappa, a very old city; was found, in present-day Pakistan.

The city was about 4700 years old. More such sites were discovered like Mohenjodaro, Kalibagan, Lothal etc.

• The bricks used were burnt and their pattern made the walls stronger.
• A Special tank, probably for community bathing has been found in Mohenjodaro. Some cities had fire altars and storehouses.
• Houses were 1-2 stories high with wells and a covered drainage system. The streets were well-planned.
• Rulers planned the cities. Scribes helped prepare seals. Craftspersons made all kinds of things.
• Things made of stone, shells, beads, and metal have been found. Weights, blades, pots, and cloth have also been found.

NCERT Notes Class 6 History Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities

• The Harappans got raw materials locally as well as from far distant places; Iran, Oman, etc.
• They grew all sorts of crops like wheat, barley, pulses etc. Plough was used for agriculture along with irrigation and animals.
• Dholavira in Gujarat had an open area for ceremonies.
• Around 3000 years ago most of these cities perished. This could have been due to the drying up of rivers, deforestation etc.

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NCERT Notes For Class 6 Social Science History Notes For Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Keywords

In the Earliest Cities NCERT Notes Chapter 3

NCERT Notes Class 6 Social Science History Notes For Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Date Line

Around 7000 Years Ago: Cotton cultivation in Mehrgarh

Around 4700 Years Ago: 2700 B.C.—Beginning of cities

Around 3900 Years Ago: 1900 B.C.—Beginning of the end of these cities

Around 2500 Years Ago: 500 B.C.—Beginning of new cities

NCERT Notes For Class 6 Social Science History Notes For Chapter 3 In The Earliest Cities Objective Type Questions

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Great Bath was made water-tight using layer of _______
Answer: Natural tar

2. Most of the articles found were made of stone, _______ and _______
Answer: Shell, metal

3. _________ was used to dig the earth.
Answer: Plough

Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities NCERT Notes

4. Remains of dockyard have been found in _______
Answer: Lothal

5. Harappan seals were made of _______
Answer: Clay

Question 2. State whether the given statements are true or false.

1. Most of the cities had uncovered drains.
Answer: False

2. Scribes were the people who made beads.
Answer: False

3. Copper and bronze were used to make tools and vessels.
Answer: True

4. The Harappa region received low rainfall.
Answer: True

5. Special buildings were built in the lower town.
Answer: False

NCERT Class 6 History Notes Chapter 3

Question 3. Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B.

Answer: 1-(c), 2-(e), 3-(a), 4-(b), 5-(d)

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 1 Introduction What Where How And When

Introduction What Where How And When Facts To Remember

The earliest gatherers lived on the banks of Narmada for thousands of years.

Crops like wheat and barley were grown around 8000 years ago near the Sulaiman And Kirthar ranges.

• Rice was first grown in the north of Vindhyas. People started rearing animals.
• The earliest cities developed on the banks of the river Indus, its tributaries, and also on the banks of the river Ganga.
• People travel in search of livelihood or to save themselves from natural disasters. Their mutual interaction enriched our culture.
• Manuscripts were written on palm leaves or the bark of birch trees. They were about the lives of kings, religion, medicine, science, etc. These are preserved in temples or monasteries.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 1

• Inscriptions have been found engraved on stones or metals.
• Other things like the remains of buildings, tools, weapons, ornaments, coins, etc. have been used by archaeologists to study pasts.
• These were made of stone, baked clay, or bones.
• The way of keeping track of dates is the use of words like B.C.: Before Christ o.r. BCE ie Before the Common Era.
• A.D. means Anno Domini or “In the year of the lord” or C.E.: Common Era is used to denote years after the birth of Christ.

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NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Introduction What Where How And When Keywords

Introduction What Where How And When Date Line

• 8000 years Beginning of cultivation
• 4700 years First cities in the river valley
• 2500 years Establishment of the kingdom of Magadha

Class 6 History Chapter 1 Notes Pdf

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Introduction What Where How And When Objective Type Questions

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words

1. Manuscripts were written on the bark of ________ tree or the leaves of ______ tree.
Answer: Birch, Palam

2. People who study past are called ______
Answer: Historians

3. Inscriptions were written on ______ surface.
Answer: Hard

4. People of Sulaiman and Kirthar range reared ______ and ______
Answer: Sheep, goats

5. _______ is a tributary of the river Ganga.
Answer: Son

What, Where, How And When Class 6 Notes

Question 2. State whether the given statement is true or false.

1. Agriculture started around 2500 years ago.
Answer: False

2. Around 8000 years ago people reared animals.
Answer: True

3. People traveled in search of livelihood or adventure.
Answer: True

4. The term B.C. is used to denote years before the birth of Christ.
Answer: True

NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 1 Summary

5. Garo hills are located to the south-east of India.
Answer: False

Question 3. Match the content of Column A with that of Column B.

Answer: 1-(c), 2-(a), 3-(e), 4-(b), 5-(d).

What Books And Burials Tell Us

There are four Vedas—Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda

• Rigveda is the oldest (3500 years ago).
• Vedas were written much later.
  • The hymns were passed from generation to generation by reciting and memorizing.
• Rigveda contains prayers for cattle, children, and horses.

Class 6 History Chapter 4 Notes Pdf

• Yajnas were performed by the Aryans and most men took part in wars.
• Wars were fought for cattle, land, water, and slaves.

• Captured wealth was divided among leaders, priests, and other people.
• On the basis of work people were divided into: the Brahmins and the Rajas. The community as a whole was referred to as “jana” or “Vish”.
• Composers of hymns were called Aryas and their opponents as Dasas.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 4

• Stone boulders called megaliths were used to mark burial sites. This was followed in Deccan and Kashmir.
• Dead were buried with distinctive red and black ware. People were buried with other objects and animals depending upon their status in society.
• Families were usually buried together through portholes.

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What Books And Burials Tell Us Keywords

What Books And Burials Tell Us Date Line

About 3500 Years Ago: Beginning of composition of the Vedas

About 3000 Years Ago: Beginning of building megaliths

Between 3600 To 2700 Years Ago: Settlement at Inamgaon

What Books And Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes

About 2000 Years Ago: Charaka Samhita, a book on medicine by Charaka

About 200-150 Years Ago: Birch bark of Rigveda found in Kashmir

Kingdoms Kings And An Early Republic

Around 3000 years ago there were different ways of choosing a ‘Raja’.

Some men became ‘Rajas’ by performing sacrifices like “Ashvamedha”.

• Rajas and priests took part in religious rituals. Shudras or the lower class were not allowed to do so.
• Kingdoms called ‘janapadas’ were ruled by rajas. People lived in huts and followed professions like rearing animals and farming.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 5

• Some of these later became ‘Mahajanapadas’ like Magadha. The capital cities were fortified.
• New Rajas maintained armies and used punch-marked coins for payments.

• Rajas required resources and so started collecting taxes from people.
• The use of iron ploughshares for agriculture increased production. People started transplanting paddy.
• Magadha became important and powerful with Bimbisara and Ajatasattu as its rulers.
• Transport by rivers, water supply, fertile land, forest and mines made it strong.

Class 6 History Chapter 5 Notes Pdf

• Vajji with Vaishali as the capital was under a different form of government called ‘gana or sangha’.
• Rajas tried to conquer the Sanghas.

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Kingdoms Kings And An Early Republic Keywords

Kingdoms Kings And An Early Republic Class 6 Notes

Kingdoms Kings And An Early Republic Date Line

About 3000 Years Ago — new kind of rajas.

About 2500 Years Ago — existence of janapadas and mahajanapadas.

About 2300 Years Ago — Alexander’s invasion.

About 1500 Years Ago — the end of ganas or sanghas.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 9  From A Kingdom To An Empire

Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya empire about 2300 years ago.

• Chandragupta was supported by Chanakya or Kautilya who wrote Arthashastra.
• Pataliputra, Taxila, Ujjain were the important cities.
• Areas around the capital were under the control of the emperor and his officials collected taxes.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 7

• Provinces had their own provincial capital. Sometimes Princes were sent as Governors.

• Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta was the most famous ruler. After the war of Kalinga, he gave up the war and started spreading his Dhamma.
• He appointed ‘Dhamma Mahamattas’ to spread Dhamma not only in India but in countries like Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Syria, Egypt, and Greece.
• He built roads, dug wells built rest-houses, and arranged treatment for humans and animals.

From A Kingdom To An Empire Class 6 Notes

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CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 7 Summary

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 9  From A Kingdom To An Empire Date Line

• 327-26 B.C. — Alexander invaded India
• 323 B.C. – Death of Alexander
• 321 B.C. — Chandragupta Maurya set up the Mauryan empire
• 305 B.C.  — Chandragupta defeated Seleucus
• 269 B.C. — Reign of Ashoka
• 260 B.C. — War of Kalinga
• 185 B.C. — End of Mauryan Empire

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 6 New Questions And Ideas Facts

Siddhartha (Gautama Buddha) belonged to Sakya. He founded Buddhism about 2500 years ago.

Siddhartha left his home in search of knowledge and meditated under the tree at Bodh Gaya. After his enlightenment, he preached in Samath, near Varanasi for the first time.

Siddhartha taught that how tanha or desiring for more is the reason for suffering. According to him our desire for more could be removed by moderation in everything we do.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 6

• Siddhartha asked people to be kind and follow ahimsa. He highlighted the importance of Karma in life. He used Prakrit the ordinary people’s language for his teachings.
• Other thinkers wanted to know about sacrifices and life after death. Their ideas are recorded in the Upanishads.
• Upanishadic thinkers were rajas or Brahmins, generally men. Some exceptions were Gargi, a woman, and Jabala, a slave.
• Mahavira belonged to Vajji Sangha. He spread the message of Jainism around 2500 years ago. He asked people to leave home in search of truth.
• Mahavira also spoke of ahimsa and taught in Prakrit.
• Jainism asked people to be honest, truthful, follow celibacy. The Jain teachings were written for the first time about 1500 years ago at Valabhi in Gujarat.

Class 6 History Chapter 6 Notes Pdf

• Jainism is still followed even today by millions of persons in western India.
• Buddhism is still followed in many parts of India such as Ladakh, Kinnaur, Kaja, etc.
• It is still followed in many countries such as Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Japan, etc.
• Rules for Buddhist sangha were written in Vinaya Ritika.
• Bhikkhus and bhikkhunis lived in cave shelters or viharas. These were more often made and supported by rich people.
• India’s intellectuals explored truth and wrote six systems of philosophy. They are known as Vaishesika, Nyaya, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimansa and Vedanta or Uttara Mimansa.

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CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 6 Summary

• Tanha: Thirst or trishna is called tanha. It is lust, to have more and more in life.
• Prakrit: It was the language of the ordinary people at that time. The Buddha taught his disciples and other people through this language so that everybody could understand his message.
• Upanishad: These are the philosophical books of the Hindus. These were part of the later Vedic texts. Upanishad literally means ‘approaching and sitting near’ and the texts contain conversations between teachers and students.
• Atman: It means soul or individual soul. As per thinkers, it is something permanent in the universe. It would last even after the death.
• Brahman: It means the universal soul. An individual’s soul is part of Brahma. Indian thinkers believe that ultimately, both the Atman and the Brahman are one.
• Ahimsa: Its literal meaning is non-violence or love for other lives including animals. This principle teaches us to be kind and to respect the lives of all other living things. Buddhism and Jainism emphasize it very much.

NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 6 Pdf

• Jainas: The followers of Mahavira are called Jainas. They have to lead a very simple life. The word Jaina comes from the term Jina meaning conqueror.
• Sangha: An association of those who left their homes. Both the Buddha and Mahavira felt that only those who left their homes could gain true knowledge.
• Bhikkhu: It is a Prakrit word for renouncer—beggar. Men and women who joined the sangha went to cities and villages to beg for food during fixed hours.
• Vihara: Permanent shelters of bhikkhus and bhikkunis are called Viharas. The earliest Viharas were made of wood, and then of bricks. Some were even dug out in hills, especially in western India.
• Ashrama: Here, the word ashrama does not mean a place where people live and meditate. It is used instead for a stage of life. Four ashramas were recognized: brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha and sannyasa

New Questions And Ideas Class 6 Extra Questions

• Chaitya: A shrine of Buddhism is called Chaitya.
• Jina: A person who has true knowledge or one who has gained true knowledge.
• Priyadarshi: The beautiful one.
• Samaharta: The revenue collector officer was called Samaharta in ancient north India.
• Triratna: Three jewels of life.” Jainism believes in it. These three jewels are Right Conduct, Right Belief, and Right Knowledge.
• Panini: He was the greatest scholar who composed the grammar of Sanskrit.
• About 2500 Years Ago (500 B.C.): Advent of Upanishadic thinkers, Buddha and Mahavira.
• Around 1500 Years Ago (500 A.D.): Jain teachings were written down.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 9  New Empires And Kingdoms

Prashasti, which means ‘in praise of’, became popular during Gupta’s rule.

• In Allahabad prashasti of Samudragupta, the ruler is described as a god. This was written by the court poet Harishena.
• Prashastis mentioned the genealogy of the ruler.
• The first ruler of the Gupta dynasty, Chandragupta, used the title of adhiraja. This was continued by his son Samudragupta.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History Chapter 9

• Samudragupta defeated the nine rulers and merged their kingdoms into his empire. He defeated 12 Dakshinapatha rulers but allowed them to rule under him.
• Harshavardhan reded Thanesar about 1400 years ago. He also ruled over Kanauj after his brother-in-law’s death. Banabhatta, the court poet, wrote his biography; Harshacharita in Sanskrit.

CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 9 Summary

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• Pallavas and Chalukyas ruled in south India.
• Pulakeshin II an important Chalukyan ruler checked the advance of Harsha. His poet Ravikirti wrote his prashasti.
• Pallavas and Chalukyas gave way to Cholas and Rashtrakutas.
• Kings maintained a well-organized army with cavalry, infantry, chariots, elephants, etc.

New Empires And Kingdoms Class 6 Notes

• Local assemblies like “ur”, “sabha”, and “anagram” functioned.
• The condition of untouchables was not good in society.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History From Hunting Gathering To Growing Food

Hunter-gatherers lived in the subcontinent about 2 million years ago.

They hunted wild animals, gathered food, and moved from place to place.

• Tools were made of wood, stones, and bones for hunting, chopping fruits, wood scraping, skin peeling, etc.
• Fire was used by them for cooking, heating, and scaring wild animals.
• Due change in climate around 12000 years ago grasslands developed.
• Herding, rearing animals like sheep, and goats, and fishing became common.

NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 2 Notes

• Grain-bearing grasses like wheat, rice, and barley grew naturally and were later cultivated by people.
• Paleolithic sites have been found at Hunsgi.
• Different plants grow in different conditions.
• Different animals also require different environments.
• People became herders. The Dog was the first animal to be tamed along with sheep, goats, and cattle.
• Grains were stored in clay pots, woven baskets, etc. They were used as seeds or food.
• Animals were a source of food, milk, and meat.
• Evidence of burnt grain and remains of plants and animals at certain sites have been found.

CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 2 Summary

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• The site at Burzahom has evidence of pit houses dug into the ground.
• The period from 10,000 years ago has been termed the Neolithic period. Polished tools like mortar pestles have been found.
• Evidence shows that cotton could now be grown and cloth could be weaved.
• Herders and farmers lived in groups called tribes. They followed certain rituals and practices.
• Mehrgarh near Bolan Pass was one of the earliest villages. People grew wheat and barley.
• Excavations indicate different levels of development.

Class 6 History Chapter 2 Notes Pdf

• Remains of houses have been found which were either rectangular or square.
• Several burial sites have been found where remains of goats etc. have been found.
• Excavation at Daojali Hading near Brahmaputra Valley shows remains of different tools and Jadeite, a stone probably brought from China.

NCERT Notes For Class 6 History From Hunting Gathering To Growing Food Keywords

From Hunting And Gathering To Growing Food Notes

From Hunting Gathering To Growing Food Date Line

Paleolithic Age 2 million years ago to 12000 years ago.

Mesolithic Age 12,000-10,000 years ago, Beginning of domestication

Neolithic Age 10,000 years ago

Settlement Near Mehrgarh about 8000 years ago