Class 10 Social Science

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Making Of A Global World Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. How did the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world help in the colonisation of America?

Answer:

1. The colonisation of America was not just a result of superior firepower. In fact, the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried with them.
2. Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Smallpox, in particular, proved a deadly killer.
3. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any European reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.
4. Thus, guns could be bought or captured and turned against the invaders. But not diseases such as smallpox to which the conquerors were mostly immune.
5. There was no need for weapons to be used on the people of colonies which saved the capital of the colonisers.

The Making of a Global World NCERT Class 10 History Solutions

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 2. What was the role of technology in transforming the 19th-century world? Explain with an example.
Or
What was the impact of technology on food availability? Explain with the help of examples.

Answer:

1. Technology, in the form of improvements in transport: faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped to move food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets.
2. Earlier, animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. Meat was hence an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor.
3. Then, new technology, viz., refrigerated ships, came which enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances. Now, animals were slaughtered for food and then transported to Europe as frozen meat.
4. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe.
5. To the earlier monotony of bread and potatoes many, though not all, could now add meat (and butter and eggs) to their diet.

Question 3. Enumerate the importance of silk routes.

Answer:

1. The name ‘silk routes’ points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargos along this route.
2. Silk routes are known to have existed since before the Christian era. But, Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.
3. Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries travelled through this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries later.
4. Much before all this, Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.
5. This was the beginning of global trade which took different routes and is even today transforming modern society.

Question 4. What is meant by the Great Depression? Write any two causes of it.

Answer:

The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s.

During this period, most parts of the world experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade. In general, agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected.

Causes:

1. Agricultural overproduction remained a problem. This was made worse by falling agricultural prices.
2. As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production. This worsened the glut in the market, pushing down prices even further.
3. In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the US. The US began to withdraw its loans.
4. Countries that depended crucially on the US loans now, faced an acute crisis.
5. The entire world economy was affected. Investments sunk, production declined and unemployment rose.

Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Making of a Global World Summary

Question 5. Why the 19th-century indenture has been described as a ‘new system of slavery”? Explain.
Or
Why do you think it was right to describe 19th-century indentured labour as a new system of slavery?

Answer:

The 19th-century indenture has been described as a ‘new system of slavery’ for the following reasons:

1. Poor people were convinced with jobs good wages and improved standard of living.
2. Migrants were provided false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of work, and living and working conditions. Often migrants were not even told that they were to embark on a long sea voyage.
3. On arrival at the plantations, labourers found conditions to be different from what they had imagined. Living and working conditions were harsh, and there were few legal rights.
4. Workers discovered their own ways of surviving. Many of them escaped into the wilds, though when caught, they faced severe punishment.
5. Others developed new forms of individual and collective self-expression, blending different cultural forms, old and new.

Question 6. Explain the measures adopted by America for post-war recovery.

Answer:

The measures adopted by America in the post-war recovery were as follows:

1. Mass production became a characteristic feature of industrial production in the USA. It lowered the costs and prices of engineered goods.
2. There was a spurt in the purchase of refrigerators, washing machines, radios, and gramophone players, through a system of hire purchase (i.e., on credit repaid in weekly or monthly installments).
3. It was also fuelled by a boom in house construction and home ownership, financed once again by loans. The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US.
4. Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising consumption demand, more investment, and yet more employment and incomes.

NCERT Solutions Chapter 4: The Making of a Global World Key Concepts

Question 7. How far is it correct to say that “The First World War was the first modern industrial war”? Explain.

Answer:

The First World War was the first modern industrial war because:

1. The fighting involved the world’s leading industrial nations which now harnessed the vast powers of modern industry to inflict the greatest possible destruction on their enemies.
2. It saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, etc., on a massive scale. These were all increasingly products of modern large-scale industry.
3. The scale of death and destruction (9 million dead and 20 million injured) was unthinkable before the industrial age, without the use of industrial arms.
4. During the war, industries were restructured to produce war-related goods.

Question 8. “The indentured labour gave rise to a new culture in the Caribbean Islands.” Justify this statement with any four suitable examples.

Answer:

1. In Trinidad, the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ (for Imam Hussain) in which workers of all races and religions joined.
2. Similarly, the protest religion of Rastafarianism (made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob Marley) is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean.
3. ‘Chutney music’, popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is another creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture experience.
4. These forms of cultural fusion are part of the making of the global world, where things from different places get mixed, lose their original characteristics and become something entirely new.

The Making of a Global World NCERT Chapter 4 Questions and Answers

Question 9. Define the term ‘Trade surplus’. How was the income received from the trade surplus with India used by Britain?

Answer:

Trade surplus: When the value of exports is higher than the value of imports, it is called ‘Trade Surplus’.

Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries. This is how a multilateral settlement system works — it allows one country’s deficit with another country to be settled by its surplus with a third country.

By helping Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late-nineteenth-century world economy.

Britain’s trade surplus in India helped to pay the so-called ‘home charges’ that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India’s external debt, and pensions of British officials in India.

Question 10. Explain any four causes of the Great Depression.

Answer:

The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till mid-1930s.

1. The post-war economy of the world was fragile. Agriculture production was a problem. This was made worse by falling agricultural prices. As prices slumped and agricultural income declined, farmers tried to expand production to maintain their overall income.
2. Many countries financed loans from the US. Now, the US overseas lenders panicked at the sign of a financial crisis.
3. American capitalists stopped all loans to the European countries thus, halting all production there.
4. Thousands of banks were bankrupt and were forced to close. Factories closed down leading to unemployment.

NCERT Class 10 History: The Making of a Global World Explained

Question 11. Describe features of the Bretton Woods Agreement.

Answer:

1. The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed between the world powers in 1944.
2. This agreement established the IMF and World Bank to preserve economic stability in the world.
3. National currencies followed the fixed exchange rates.
4. Ushered an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes.

Question 12. “Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange.” Justify this statement.

Answer:

The following instances justify this statement that food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange:

1. Traders and travellers introduce new crops to the lands they travelled.
2. Noodles travelled west from China to become ‘Spaghetti’.
3. Arab traders took Pista to Sicily.
4. Most of the common Indian foods such as potato, soya and chillies were not known to our ancestors.
5. Many of our common foods came from American Indians.

NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 4: The Making of a Global World Overview

Question 13. Explain, why the economy of the USA was strong in the early 1920s. Would you agree that the roots of the Great Depression lay in this boom”? State reasons for your answer.

Answer:

1. Yes, the roots of the Great Depression lay in the boom of the US economy because of overproduction in industrial and agricultural sectors.
2. It was during this period that Henry Ford used the assembly line method to achieve mass production.
3. Mass production lowered the costs and prices of engineered goods.
4. There was a spurt in the purchase of refrigerators, washing machines, etc., through hire-purchase.
5. Owing to easily available finance and loans, there was a boom in house construction and home ownership.

Question 14. Explain how the abolition of Corn Law in Britain led to the emergence of a global agricultural economy.

Answer:

1. With the abolition of the Corn Laws, Britain began to import food grains from the rest of the world.
2. These products were relatively cheaper than the prices of the British-produced goods and food grains.
3. Britain was forced to import foodgrains from Eastern Europe, America and Australia.
4. Complex changes in labour movement patterns, capital flow, ecology and technology were also important reasons.
5. Crops were not grown by a peasant tilling his own land but by an agricultural worker. Food came from thousands of miles away.
6. Now, food and other essential commodities were transported by railways and by ships manned by low-paid workers from Southern Europe, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean.

NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 4: The Making of a Global World Review

Question 15. Throw light on production during the proto-industrialisation phase in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with an example.

Answer:

Following are the features of production during the proto-industrialisation phase in Europe:

1. Merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the countryside.
2. They supplied money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
3. A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler and carried it to the spinners.
4. The yarn that was spun, was taken to weavers, fullers and dyers.
5. The finishing was done in London before the expert merchant sold it in the international market.

The Making of a Global World NCERT Class 10 History Activities and Solutions

Question 16. One important feature of the US economy in the 1920s was mass production. Explain.

Answer:

1. A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer, Henry Ford.
2. He adopted an assembly line technique of a slaughterhouse.
3. He realised that the Assembly line method would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles.
4. This method forced the workers to repeat a single task mechanically and
   continuously.
5. This was a way of increasing output per worker by speeding up the pace of work.
6. This doubling go daily wages was considered the best cost-cutting decision he had ever made.

The Making of a Global World Chapter 4 NCERT Class 10 Explanation

Question 17. “The 19th-century world of faster economic growth still brought misery for many.” Explain.

Answer:

1. Natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to demand for space for industry, housing, etc.
2. Huge amounts of refuse and waste polluted the water.
3. Excessive noise became a part of urban life.
4. Industrial smoke became a major cause of air pollution.

Chapter 8 Novels, Society And History Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. Explain the contribution of Premchand in Hindi novels.

Answer:

1. Munshi Premchand was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi and Urdu literature.
2. He began writing in Urdu and then shifted to Hindi.
3. His novels lifted the Hindi novels from the realm of fantasy.
4. Premchand wrote on the realistic issues of the day, i.e., communalism, corruption, zamindari, poverty colonialism, etc.
5. He wrote in the traditional art of Kissa Goi.

Novels, Society, and History NCERT Class 10 History Solutions

Question 2. Describe the development of the novel written for the young.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Answer:

1. Novels written for the young idealized a new type of man: someone who was powerful, assertive, independent, and daring.
   • Most of these novels were full of adventure set in places remote from Europe.
   • The colonizers appear heroic and honorable confronting ‘native’ people and strange surroundings, adapting to native life as well as changing it, colonizing territories and then developing nations there.
   • Books like R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island (1883) or Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book (1894) became great hits.
2. G.A. Henry’s historical adventure novels for boys were also widely popular during the height of the British empire.
   • They aroused the excitement and adventure of conquering strange lands. They were set in Mexico, Alexandria, Siberia, and many other countries.
   • They were always about young boys who witnessed grand historical events, got involved in some military action, and showed what they called ‘English’ courage.
3. Love stories written for adolescent girls also first became popular in this period, especially in the US, notably Ramona (1854) by Helen Hunt Jackson and a series entitled What Katy Did (1872) by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, who wrote under the pen-name Susan Coolidge.

NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 8: Novels, Society, and History Summary

Question 3. How was the Industrial Revolution reflected in the novels?

Answer:

1. When the Industrial Revolution began, factories came up, and business profits increased but workers faced problems.
2. Cities expanded in an unregulated way and were filled with overworked and unpaid workers.
3. Deeply critical of these developments, novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about the terrible effects of industrialization on people’s lives and characters.
4. His novel ‘Hard Times’ depicts a fictitious industrial town as grim full of machinery, smoking chimneys, and rivers polluted.
5. Dickens criticized not just the greed for profit but also the ideas that reduced human beings into simple instruments of production.
6. Dickens ‘Oliver Twist’ is the tale of a poor orphan who lives in a world of petty criminals and beggars. Oliver was finally adopted by a wealthy man and lived happily ever after.
7. Emili Zola’s ‘Germinal’ was written on the left of a young miner but it ends in desire. It didn’t have happened like the ‘Oliver Twist’ of Dickens.

Novels, Society, and History: NCERT Class 10 History Questions and Answers

Question 4. Write the names of two famous Indian novelists of the 19th century and also throw light on their works.

Answer:

Indo-European contact proved to be beneficial in many ways. The greatest (CBSE 2009) achievement of this contact is ‘novel’. The emergence of novels in Indian literature was in the latter half of the 19th century. The two famous novelists of the 19th century and their works are as follows:

1. Bankimchandra Chatterji: Bankimchandra Chatterji was the first important Bengali novelist of that period. His novels are mostly historical.
   • ‘Anandmath’ is the best known among them, especially for its powerful national songs like Vandemataram’. ‘Anandamath’ was written in 1882.
2. Premchand: Premchand was a novelist and a short story writer. He carved a distinct place for India in world fiction.
   • He made the Indian peasant ‘hero’ of his novels. He was well conversant with the miseries of the people. He could not see the critical condition of the novels Rangbhoomi’ and ‘Godan’ which are his immortal works.
   • His short stories numbering about three hundred contain classic pieces, such as ‘Kafan;, Poos Ki Raat’. ‘Sawa Ser Gehun’, ‘Shatranj Ke Khilari’, etc.

NCERT Class 10 History: Novels, Society, and History Key Concepts

Question 5. “Print did not only stimulate the publications of conflicting opinions among different communities but also connected them in the 19th century in India.” Support the statement with examples.

Answer:

In the 19th century, there were intense debates around religious issues. Different groups had different opinions about changes taking place in colonial society.

Some criticized existing practices and championed the cause of reforms, while others opposed reforms vehemently. Print not only spread new ideas, but along with newspapers, it shaped the nature of debate.

This was a time of controversies between social and religious reformers and Hindu Orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation (Sati), monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood, and idolatry.

The ideas were printed every day in the spoken language of ordinary people. Ram Mohan Roy published Sambad Kaumudi in 1821 and the Hindu Orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.

From 1822, two Persian newspapers were published Jam-i-Jahannuma and Novels, Society and History 169 Shamsul Akhbar. In the same year, a Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay Samachar, was published.

In north India, the Ulemas were deeply worried about the collapse of Muslim dynasties, and the colonial rulers changing the Muslim Personal Law.

The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday life, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.

Among Hindus, print helped in the reading of religious texts. The first printed edition of Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a 16th-century text, came out from Calcutta in 1810.

From the 1880s the Nawal Kishore Press at Lucknow and Shri Venkateshwar Press of Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernaculars.

Not only they could be read easily by the faithful at any place and time, but they could also be read to a large audience of illiterate people.

Religious texts reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions, debates, and controversies within and among different religions.

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 8: Novels, Society, and History

Question 6. “Stories in prose were not new to India but these were novels definitely new to India”. Explain it.

Answer:

Prose writing and India:

1. Stories in prose were not new to India. Banabhatta’s Kadambari, written in Sanskrit in the seventh century, is an early example. The Panchatantra is another. There was also a long tradition of prose tales of adventure and rural life set by Prem Chand was further strengthened by Bengali writers. Notables among them are Bibhuti Bhushan Banerji (1894-1950), Tara Shankar Banerji (1898-1971), and Manik Banerji (1908-1956).
   • Bibhuti Bhushan Banerji’s Pather Panchali (1929) has been filmed by Satyajit Ray and thus has become internationally famous.
   • Tara Shankar’s Ganadevta and Manik’s Padmanadir Majhi have been translated into several languages.
2. Other works of this period are:
   • Maila Anchal by Phanishwarnath Renu (Hindi). (b) Praja by Gopinath Mohanti (Oriya).
   • Chemeen by Takashi Shivshanka Pillai (Malayalam)

Question 7. Explain what is meant by the following types of novels:

1. Epistolary novel
2. Serialised novel

For each type, name one writer who wrote in that style.

Answer:

1. Epistolary novel: An epistolary novel is written in the form of a series of letters. It is through these letters that the readers are told about the thoughts and conflicts of the characters.
   • Samuel Richardson’s Pamela written in the 18th century is an example of an epistolary novel.
2. Serialized novel: Serialised novels refer to those that are published in installments, usually in a journal or a magazine. Serialization allows the readers to enjoy the suspense involved in the stories.

Pickwick Papers, written by Charles Dickens was serialised in a magazine in 1836.

Class 10 History Chapter 8: Novels, Society, and History Explanation

Question 8. Write about two important characteristics of the early Hindi novel.

Answer:

The two important characteristics of the early Hindi novel are fantasy and morality. Srinivas Das’s Pariksha-Guru emphasized the importance of values in the lives of young men. Devaki Nandan Khatri’s Chandrakanta is an interesting tale of romance that provides immense pleasure and entertainment to its readers. Chandrakanta is believed to have popularised the Hindi language to a large extent.

Question 9. How is a novel different from a manuscript

Answer:

A novel is an outcome of the print whereas a manuscript is a handwritten text.

Question 10. Explain any three features of the early Bengali novels that existed in two worlds.

Answer:

The early Bengali novels have the following features:

• A group of novels were located in the past, their characters, events, and stories were based on historical events.
• Another group of novels depicted the inner world of domestic life in contemporary settings. Domestic novels portrayed primarily the relationship between men and women.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History: Novels, Society, and History – Detailed Review

Question 11. How did ideas about science, reason, and rationality find their way into popular literature in eighteenth-century Europe?

Answer:

In the 18th century the periodical press combined information about current affairs with entertainment. Newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade as well as news of developments in other places.

Similarly, the ideas of philosophers now became accessible to common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed.

When scientists like Sir Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.

The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire, and Rousseau were also widely printed and read. Thus their ideas of science, reason, and rationality found their way into popular literature.

Novels, Society, and History NCERT Class 10 Explanation and Notes

Question 12. How would you classify the readership of the Bengali novels?

Answer:

The readership of the Bengali novels could be divided into the following two groups:

1. The first group consisted of the old merchant elite of Calcutta. These readers patronized public forms of entertainment, such as poetry, contests, musical events, and dance performances.
2. The second group consisted of the new Bhadralok. This group of readers preferred the private world of reading novels.

Novels deal with the everyday life of common people, their anxieties, their fears, their struggles, their joys, and their pleasures. That is why they appeal to the common people.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Print Culture And The Modern World Long Questions And Answers

Question 1. How did the print revolution lead to the development of reading mania in Europe?

Answer:

As literacy and schools spread in European countries there was a virtual reading mania.

1. A new form of popular literature appeared to target new readers.
2. There were ritual calendars along with ballads and folk tales.
3. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty peddlers known as Chapman and sold for a penny so that even the poor could buy them.
4. In France, these low-priced books were called Bibliotheque Bleue as they were bound in cheap blue covers.
5. There were romances, histories, and books of various sizes, developed to combine information on current affairs with entertainment.
6. Periodical presses were developed to combine information on current affairs with entertainment.
7. The idea of scientists and scholars has now become more accessible to the common people.

Print Culture and the Modern World NCERT Class 10 History Solutions

Question 2. How did oral culture enter print and how was the printed material transmitted orally? Explain.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Answer:

Oral culture entered print in the following ways –

1. Printers published popular ballads and folktales.
2. Books were profusely illustrated with pictures. Printed material was transmitted orally in the following ways.
   • These were sung at gatherings in villages, taverns, and in towns.
   • They were recited in public gatherings.

NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 7: Print Culture and the Modern World Summary

Question 3. Why did the Ulemas oppose English culture? What steps did they take to counter the impact?

Answer:

The Muslim dynasties had collapsed in India by the end of the 19th century. The Ulemas were scared of the impact of colonial culture on Muslims.

They were afraid that the British would change Muslim Personal Law and encourage conversion from Islam to Christianity.

To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses, to publish Persian and Urdu translations of the holy scriptures.

They printed religious newspapers and tracts. The Deoband Seminary was founded in 1867 to safeguard the interests of the Muslims. They published thousands of fatwas for the Muslims.

These fatwas directed the Muslims to conduct their life according to the strict Muslim laws. In the 19th century, many Muslim sects appeared for the cause of Muslim religion.

Urdu print also helped them to fight against the English influence and to fight these battles in public.

NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 7: Print Culture and the Modern World Questions and Answers

Question 4. How did Hindu religious texts benefit from printing?

Answer:

Printing brought a remarkable change in the religious texts of the Hindus. In 1810, the first printed edition of Tulsidas’ Ramcharitmanas came out from Calcutta.

Cheap lithographic editions flooded the North Indian markets by the mid-nineteenth century. The Naval Kishore Press of Lucknow and Shri Venkateshwara Press in Bombay published numerous religious books in vernacular.

Printed and portable forms of such books helped religious people to read them anywhere at any time. Women benefited the most as religious texts reached a very wide circle of people.

Discussions, debates, and controversies within and among different religious sects also started.

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 7: Print Culture and the Modern World Key Concepts

Question 5. Write a short sketch of Johann Gutenberg.

Answer:

Johann Gutenberg was born in the town of Strasburg in Germany. He was the son of a merchant and brought up in a large agricultural estate.

As an adolescent, he learnt how to polish precious stones, and became a skilled goldsmith as he grew up. He also became an expert at making lead moulds which ultimately led to his invention of the printing press.

He used lead molds to cast the letters of the alphabet into metal types. His invention of the printing press brought about a revolution in the spread of books and book reading all over Europe.

The first book he printed was the Bible and it took three years to print its 180 copies. His invention brought about a revolution in print culture as there was a shift from hand printing to mechanical printing.

Print Culture and the Modern World NCERT Class 10 Explanation

Question 6. How were ideas and information written before the age of print in India? How did the printing technique begin in India?

Answer:

In the ancient period, India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and other regional languages. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.

The pages were beautifully illustrated. Jayadeva’s Gita Govindam was written on a palm leaf in accordion format. Some works had beautiful calligraphy like the 14th century poet Hafiz’s work known as Diwan.

These manuscripts were preserved by sewing them together or pressing them between wooden covers. They had to be handled carefully and they were highly expensive and fragile.

Even in schools, students became literate without reading any kinds of texts as scripts were written in different styles and not easy to read. Teachers dictated portions and students wrote them down.

The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-16th century. They printed several tracts in Konkani. In 1674, 50 books were printed in Konkani.

The first Tamil book was printed in 1579 at Cochin, first Malayalam book appeared in 1713. By 1710, Dutch missionaries printed 32 Tamil Texts. English printing was started by James Augustus Hickey in 1780.

He began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine. So it was a private English enterprise that began English printing in India.

By the close of the 18th century, a number of journals appeared, and Indians too began publishing. Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Raja Rammohan Roy, brought out Bengal Gazette.

Class 10 History Chapter 7: Print Culture and the Modern World – Detailed Solutions

Question 7. “Print did not only stimulate the publications of conflicting opinions among different communities but also connected them in the 19th century in India.” Support the statement with examples.

Answer:

In the 19th century, there were intense debates around religious issues. Different groups had different opinions about changes taking place in colonial society.

Some criticized existing practices and championed the cause of reforms, while others opposed reforms vehemently. Print not only spread new ideas, but along with newspapers, it shaped the nature of debate.

This was a time of controversies between social and religious reformers, and Hindu Orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation (Sati), monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood, and idolatry.

The ideas were printed every day in the spoken language of ordinary people. Rammohan Roy published Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and the Hindu Orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.

In 1822, two Persian newspapers were published Jam-i-Jahannuma and Shamsul Akhbar.

In the same year, a Gujarati newspaper, The Bombay Samachar, was published. In north India, the Ulemas were deeply worried about the collapse of Muslim dynasties, and the colonial rulers changing the Muslim Personal Law.

The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday life, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.

Among Hindus, print helped in the reading of religious texts. The first printed edition of Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a 16th-century text, came out from Calcutta in 1810.

From the 1880s the Nawal Kishore Press at Lucknow and Shri Venkateshwar Press of Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernaculars.

Not only they could be read easily by faithful people at any place and time, but they could also be read to a large audience of illiterate people.

Religious texts reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions, debates, and controversies within and among different religions.

Print Culture and the Modern World: NCERT Class 10 History Notes

Question 8. How was printing culture influenced by the spread of cities and urban culture in China?

Answer:

With the spread of urban culture, the uses of print became diversified. Now not only the officials did need print. Print was used in trade to help the merchants to collect trade information.

People started reading a lot in their leisure. The new readership now preferred reading novels, poetry, autobiographies, romantic plays and anthologies of literary masterpieces.

Women became involved not only in reading but also in writing. They started writing poetry, plays, and autobiographies. Rich women read a lot and their work was published also.

Wives of scholar-officials published their work and so did the courtesans who wrote autobiographies.

NCERT Class 10 History: Print Culture and the Modern World Review

Question 9. Mention some new interesting practices used in Japan.

Answer:

Urban culture affected Japan also in the late 18th century. It flourished in Edo (later known as Tokyo) and depicted the elegant culture.

It had an interesting collection of paintings depicting the lives of artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings.

Women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremonies, flower arrangements, proper social behavior (etiquette), cooking, and famous people were the subjects of print material.

Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various kinds.

Print Culture and the Modern World: NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 7

Question 10. Describe three shortcomings of manuscripts that were overcome by the printing press.

Answer:

1. Copying manuscripts by expert handwriters was very time-consuming and cumbersome. The printing press took much less time to produce many copies of books.
2. Copying manuscripts was an expensive affair that only the aristocrats could afford. Printing press reduced the cost of books significantly and made them available to common people.
3. Carrying handwritten books was cumbersome and involved the risk of getting spoiled or damaged. Printed books could be easily handled, carried, and circulated.

Question 11. Give three reasons which were responsible for the popularity of the novels in eighteenth-century Europe.

Answer:

The reasons for the popularity of the novels were:

1. The use of print technology, circulating libraries, innovations in marketing, and serialization increased affordability and accessibility.
2. Novels unlike other literary forms were about ordinary people.
3. Allowed pleasure of reading in private.

Chapter 6 Work Life And Leisure Cities In The Contemporary World Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Discuss how London emerged as the largest city in the world in the nineteenth century.

Answer:

The city of London became the largest city in the world by the late nineteenth century. It was the most powerful imperial center by the beginning of the twentieth century.

Various factors were responsible for it, as given below:

Work Life and Leisure: Cities in the Contemporary World NCERT Solutions

Causes:

1. Increase in population. One out of every nine people in England and Wales lived in London. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain. The enclosures of farms and abolishment of corn laws made many farmers migrate to towns and cities such as London, Manchester, and Leeds. Migrants from rural areas were attracted to the textile mills of Manchester and Leeds in large numbers after the 1850s.
2. Colonization and political dominance in global trade led to great wealth and capital, making London the hub of world trade and commerce.
3. The population expanded throughout the nineteenth century from one million in 1810 to 4 million in 1880. They constituted aristocrats, administrators, semi-skilled and skilled artisans, workers, traders, beggars, etc.
4. Important industries were the dockyards, clothing, footwear, metallurgy, etc.
5. During the First World War, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods.

NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 6: Work Life and Leisure Summary

Question 2. Describe how industrialization changed the social status of women.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Answer:

The upper- and middle-class women faced higher levels of isolation. However, their lives were made easier by the rising number of domestic maids who cooked, cleaned, and cared for young children on low wages.

An 1861 census recorded a quarter of a million domestic servants in London of whom most were women migrants. On the other hand, women who worked for wages, particularly the lower social classes, had more control over their lives.

In cities, individualism replaced the collective value of earlier rural communities.

However, men and women did not share the new urban space equally. Later, many women lost their industrial jobs and the conservative section managed to force women to withdraw into their homes. Hence, public spaces increasingly became male-dominated.

Question 3. How is a large city a threat and an opportunity? Explain with appropriate examples.

Answer:

A large city is a threat and an opportunity. A modern city is also called a metropolis for its complex functions and relations among the dwellers.

It is a threat to the environment and peace because crime rates are high due to the differences between the rich and the poor.

A police superintendent would face difficulty in maintaining law and order.

A city is a place where the weak are exploited by the powerful and the rich, For Example., women and children were exploited in the industrial cities of London, Leeds, Manchester, etc.

On the other hand, it is an opportunity for those who are in power. Landlords benefit by raising the rent as demands for space increase.

It is also an opportunity for women who are wage earners as they become economically independent. Social divisions based on class and caste also break down in different ways like travelling in public transport, etc.

Work Life and Leisure: NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 6 Questions and Answers

Question 4. Describe the lifestyle of British workers in the nineteenth century.

Answer:

Most of the workers were employed in industries and factories because of the bursting population which led to unemployment and crime and an increase in the number of poor.

Factories employed a large number of women in the early 19th century but they lost their industrial jobs due to technological developments.

Most women worked as domestic servants; of them, many were migrants to London. A large number of children were pushed into low-paid work, often by their parents.

Children took to crime as it earned them more money than honest work. A young thief could earn 10 shillings 6 pence a week from thieving honest work fetched him this money after making 1,296 matchboxes in a day.

Most workers lived in unsafe tenements which were health hazards, overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacking sanitation. Poor housing was a constant fire hazard.

The workers could only expect a lifespan of 29 years. The workers were expected to die, according to Charles Booth, in a ‘workhouse, hospital or a lunatic asylum.’

There was a widespread fear of social disorder, because of the unhealthy, poverty-stricken life the workers led.

NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 6: Work Life and Leisure Key Concepts

Question 5. When and where was the very first section of the underground railway in the world opened? Describe in brief the difficulties of traveling in the underground railway.

Answer:

The first section of the underground railway in the world opened on 10 January 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. On that day 10,000 passengers were carried with trams running every ten minutes.

1. At first, the people were afraid to travel underground. They found the atmosphere a mixture of sulfur, coal dust, and foul fumes from the gas lamps above and found them a danger to health.
2. Most felt the “Iron Monsters” added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city. To make two miles of railways, 900 houses had to be destroyed.
3. Streets were knocked up, pits and trenches dug. The underground railway led to a massive displacement of the London poor, especially during the two world wars.

The underground railway broke down social distinctions but also created new ones.

Question 6. What forms of entertainment came up in the nineteenth century in England to provide leisure activities for the people?

Answer:

For wealthy Britishers, there had been an annual ‘London Season.’ Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre, and the classical musical performances were organized for an elite group of 300-400 families.

Many new types of large-scale entertainment for the common people came up. Libraries, art galleries, and museums were established to provide entertainment to people who swarmed them.

Music halls were popular among lower classes, and by the 20th century, cinema became the greatest mass entertainer for mixed audiences.

British industrial workers were encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea. Over a million Britishers went to the seaside in 1883; their number increased to 7 million in 1939.

NCERT Solutions Chapter 6: Work Life and Leisure – Cities in the Contemporary World

Question 7. Explain the causes of air pollution in Calcutta in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Which body controlled industrial pollution?

Answer:

1. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life.
2. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
3. The city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke generated thick black smog and Calcutta’s inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, especially in winter.
4. A new pollutant coal – was added by the railways.
   The body that controlled industrial pollution was the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission.

Question 8. State reasons for the expansion of Bombay’s population in the nineteenth century.
Or
What led to a major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century?

Answer:

Four reasons for Bombay’s expansion are:

1. When Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, the city expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders, bankers, as well as artisans, and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
2. When textile mills were established in Bombay, there was a fresh surge of migration. The first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. In 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 1,46,000 workers.
3. About one-fourth of Bombay’s inhabitants between 1881 and 1931 were born in Bombay, the rest were migrants from a nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in Bombay mills.
4. Bombay was a junction of two major railways. This encouraged an even higher scale of migration into the city. For example, famine in dry regions of Kutch drove a large number to Bombay in 1888-89.
5. Bombay became a premier city of India in the late 19th century. It dominated the maritime trade of India and its population expanded from 6,44,405 in 1572 to nearly, 15,00,000 in 1941.

Class 10 History Chapter 6: Work Life and Leisure – Detailed Solutions

Question 9. “The function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the industrial city of Britain in the eighteenth century.” Explain any four points.
Or
Explain the changes that took place in family life in the eighteenth century and promoted individualism in city life.

Answer:

1. Ties between the members of the family loosened.
2. Among the working classes, the institution of marriage tended to break down.
3. Women of the upper and middle class faced high levels of isolation, though their lives became easier by maids who cooked, cleaned, or cared for young children.
4. Women who worked had some control over their lives. Women without jobs were forced to withdraw into their camps.
5. The twentieth century saw homes as another change, the families became smaller units after the war.

A new spirit of individualism was encouraged among men and women, and freedom from collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities.

Question 10. Why did the population of London multiply in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century?

Answer:

By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. It was a colossal city with a population of about 6,75,000.

Its population multiplied four-fold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1880, increasing from one million to 4 million. London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations.

The nineteenth century London was “a city of clerks, shopkeepers, small masters, and skilled artisans, growing number of semi-skilled out workers, soldiers, servants, casual laborers, sheet sellers, and beggars.”

London’s dockyards and five major types of industries employed a large number of workers.

The five were: Clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery, and precision products like surgical instruments, watches, and objects of precious metals.

During the First World War (1914-18), London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, which led to an increase in population as more workers were needed.

Work Life and Leisure NCERT Class 10 History Review and Notes

Question 11. Explain the characteristics of Marginal Groups in London.

Answer:

1. Marginal Groups in London were about 20,000 criminals who worried the police about law and order.
   • The people who made a living by crime were in fact poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges.
2. Others were more skilled at their trade, experts at their jobs. They were cheats, tricksters, pickpockets, and petty thieves crowding the streets of London.
3. Women were forced out of work in factories due to technological development.
   • They formed a large group that worked as domestic servants.
   • They also worked at home to increase their income by taking in ledgers, working as tailors, wasting, etc., only during the war; they found jobs in factories and offices.
4. A large number of children were forced into low-paid work.
   • “A child of 7 could easily make 10 shillings led a week from thieving – a low-paid worker had to make 56 gross of matchboxes a week to earn that much” (According to an article by Andrew Mearns).
5. Only by the passage of the Compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870 and the passing of the Factory Acts (since 1872), children were kept out of industrial work.
   • So, the marginal groups were the criminals, women were the workforce, and children were forced to work in low-paid jobs.

Question 12. Explain why a number of films were about the life of migrants in the Bombay film industry. Name two movies whose songs became very popular.

Answer:

There were a number of films about migrants because many people in the film industry were themselves migrants. They came from cities like Lahore, Calcutta, and Madras and contributed to the national character of the industry.

Many famous writers like Ismat Chugtai and Saadat Hasan Manto were associated with Hindi cinema. People who came from Lahore now in Pakistan, contributed the most to the development of Hindi cinema.

The films dealt with the arrival in the city of new migrants and the real pressures of life they had to deal with: the two movies are CID (1956) and Guest House (1959).

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 6: Work Life and Leisure – Detailed Explanation

Question 13. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground railways. Why was the development of underground railways criticized?

Answer:

Between the two World Wars (1919-39), the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a million houses were built for them in suburban areas by the local authorities.

The city had gradually extended beyond the range where people could walk to work. The development of suburbs made new forms of mass transport very necessary.

The London Underground Railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.

Underground railways created huge ecological and environmental problems. The process of construction led to large-scale destruction of forests and other natural features.

Question 14. “The city of London had a powerful migrant population.” Explain.

Answer:

1. London had hundreds of small factories and workshops. It was a city of clerks, shopkeepers, skilled and semi-skilled artisans, soldiers and servants, casual laborers, street vendors, etc.
2. Apart from London dockyards, five major types of small industries employed large numbers of people.
3. During the First World War (1914-18) London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods. Hundreds of large factories sprang up employing thousands of workers.

Question 15. Explain the lifestyle of workers of the mid-nineteenth century in Britain.

Answer:

The mid-nineteenth-century workers in London did not have proper houses to live in. They had to find residence in cheap, usually unsafe tenements.

According to a survey by a Liverpool ship-owner in 1887, as many as one million Londoners (about 1/5 of the population of London) at that time were very poor, expected to live upto an average age of 29 as compared to 55 among the gentry and the middle class.

They were expected to die in a workhouse, hospital, or lunatic asylum. There were constant worries about fire hazards created by poor housing.

The one-room houses occupied by the poor were a serious threat to public health. There was a constant fear of uprising by the poor.

The only leisure for the working classes was to meet in pubs and drink, exchange news, and sometimes also organize political action. Crime flourished among workers who did not have jobs.

Children were forced to work for low wages. Women tried to earn by working at home or domestic maids. Later on, there was a drive to build more houses, clean up the city, and provide libraries and museums for the workers.

Workers were encouraged to take annual leave and go to the seaside like Blackpool. Cinema also became a means of mass entertainment.

Cities in the Contemporary World: NCERT Solutions for Work Life and Leisure

Question 16. Describe the merits and drawbacks of underground rail in London.

Answer:

Merits:

1. It partly solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.
2. When the first section of the underground in the world opened on 10 January 1863, it carried 10,000 passengers, with trains running every ten minutes.
3. By 1850, the trains were carrying 40 million passengers a year. By the 20th century, most large metropolises such as New York, Tokyo, and Chicago had indispensable metro services.
4. The population in cities became more dispersed. Better-planned suburbs and a good railway network enabled large numbers to live outside central London and travel to work.

Drawbacks:

1. They created more pollution and were considered by people to be a menace to health. Passengers complained of smoking pipes, an atmosphere that was a mixture of sulfur, coal dust, and foul fumes causing asphyxiation. Many people called trains “iron monsters” adding to mess and unhealthiness.
2. To make two miles of railway, 900 houses were knocked down. It led to a displacement of the London poor, especially between the two wars.
3. They wore down social distinctions but also created new ones.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights Long Answer Questions

Question 1. What are the different forms of consumer exploitation?

Answer:

The Different Forms Of Consumer Exploitation Are:

1. Less weight.
2. Defective goods.
3. Provide poor services.
4. Impure quality of products/goods.
5. High Prices: Sellers usually charge a price higher than the prescribed retail price.
6. Duplicate Articles.
7. False or incomplete information, misleading consumers.
8. Lack of safety devices that cause harm to the consumers.
9. Adulteration Mixing or substituting undesirable materials in food items, etc.
10. Unsatisfactory after-sales service: Supplies do not provide satisfactory behavior.
11. Large companies with huge wealth, power, and reach can manipulate the market.

Consumer Rights NCERT Class 10 Economics Solutions

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 2. What are the factors responsible for consumer exploitation?
Or
How are consumers exploited?
Or
Describe the factors responsible for consumer exploitation.

Answer:

The Following Factors Are Responsible For Consumer Exploitation:

1. Limited Information: For a correct decision and choice about a product, a consumer needs full information about the price, quality, durability, composition, etc., of the product. In the absence of full and correct information, a consumer may get exploited.
2. Limited Supplies: When the supply of goods is less than their demand, the prices may go high and may also encourage the tendency of hoarding. As a consequence, consumers will get exploited.
3. Limited Competition: When there is limited competition with regard to production, i.e., when producers are few and can control and restrict the supply of a product there is a possibility of manipulation in prices.
4. Low Literacy: Illiteracy causes ignorance, which leads to the exploitation of consumers. The level of awareness in our country is generally low.

NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 5: Consumer Rights Summary

Question 3. What are consumer protection councils?

Answer:

These are voluntary organizations locally known as consumer forums or consumer protection councils. The main activities of the consumer forums or consumer protection councils are:

1. They guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer court.
2. They may represent individual consumers in the consumer courts.
3. They create awareness among the people.
4. These voluntary organizations receive financial support from the government for the above purposes.

Question 4. Critically examine the growth of consumer movements in India.

Answer:

1. In India, the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity of protecting, and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.
2. Whenever a complaint regarding goods or services is made, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility onto the buyer.
3. Rampant (unchecked) food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, and adulteration of food items gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized form in the 1960s.
4. Till the 1970s, consumer organizations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger transport only.
5. More recently, India has witnessed an upsurge in the number of consumer groups. They make consumers aware of their rights and duties and guide them to redress their grievances.
6. There are today more than 700 consumer groups in the country of which only about 20-25 are well organized and recognized for their work.
7. Under the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA), three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state, and national levels was set up for redressal of consumer disputes.
8. The district-level court deals with cases involving claims up to ₹20 lakh, the state-level courts between ₹ 20 lakh and 1 crore and the national-level court deals with cases involving claims exceeding ₹1 crore.
9. If a case is dismissed in district-level court, the consumer can appeal in state and then in national-level courts.

NCERT Solutions Chapter 5: Consumer Rights Questions and Answers

Question 5. Explain with three suitable examples the meaning of the “right to be informed” as provided under the Consumer Protection Act.

Answer:

1. It is the right of the consumer to get information about ingredients used, price, batch number, date of manufacture, expiry date and the address of the manufacturer, aftersales services, etc., of a product.
2. When we buy medicines, on the packets, we find ‘directions for proper use’ and information relating to side effects and risks associated with the usage of that medicine. When we buy garments, we find information on ‘instructions for washing’.
3. It helps consumers to choose the best product after knowing the information given by different products. It helps the consumers to use the product effectively.
4. It complies with the right of the consumers to be informed and to seek remedy through courts. Rules are made because it is the right of consumers to be informed. Consumers can complain and ask for compensation or replacement if the product proves defective.
5. Similarly, consumers can protest and complain if someone sells goods at more than the Maximum Retail Price.

Question 6. What are the drawbacks of consumer movement in India?

Or

Describe any five shortcomings of the consumer movement in India.

Answer:

1. The consumer redressal process is becoming inefficient, expensive, and time-consuming. Many a time, consumers are required to engage lawyers. These cases require time for filing and attending the court proceedings.
2. In most purchases cash memos are not issued hence, evidence is not easy to gather. Moreover, most purchases in the market are small retail sales.
3. The existing laws also are not very clear on the issue of compensation to consumers injured by defective products.
4. After 20 years of the enactment of COPRA, consumer awareness in India is spreading but slowly.
5. Besides this the enforcement of laws that protect workers, especially in the unorganized sectors is weak. Similarly, rules and regulations for the working of markets are often not followed.
6. Today there are more than 700 consumer groups in the country of which only about 20-25 are well-organized and recognized for their work.

Consumer Rights: NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Key Concepts

Question 7. What is the rationale behind the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986?

Or

Why was COPRA enacted? Explain.

Answer:

1. The rationale behind the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act is the protection of consumer rights and the prevention of unfair practices in the markets.
2. Consumers are exploited in a number of ways in the market. Individual consumers often find it difficult to protect their interests. Therefore, this Act was passed.
3. Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices such as underweight and under measurement, adulteration, hoarding, etc.
4. Whenever a complaint regarding goods or services is made, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility onto the buyer.
5. Certain rules and regulations are required for the markets to work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful whereas consumers purchase in small amounts and are scattered.

Question 8. State the rights of consumers as codified in Indian laws.

Or

Explain the rights enjoyed by the consumers in India.

Answer:

Right To Safety: Consumers have the right to protect against the marketing of goods and services, that are hazardous to life and property.

Right To Be Informed: It is the right of the consumers to know the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard, and price of the goods. The Right to Information Act supports this right.

Right To Choose: It is the assurance of access to a variety of goods with quality and services at competitive prices. A consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity regardless of age, gender, and nature of service has the right to choose whether to continue to receive the service. Consumers can choose any product of any brand that gives them more satisfaction.

Right To Seek Redressal: The consumer has the right to get the money back or compensation in the event of loss of money, damage, improper functioning, or any other form of exploitation.

Right To Represent In The Consumer Courts: The consumer has the right to seek constitutional remedy against unfair trade practices or exploitation. He/she can go to court to seek remedy and to get compensation depending on the degree of damage.

NCERT Solutions for Consumer Rights in Class 10 Economics

Question 9. Describe any five achievements of the consumer movement in India.

Answer:

1. A company, for years, sold milk powder for babies all over the world as the most scientific product claiming to be better than mother’s milk. It took years of struggle before the company was forced to accept that it had been making false claims.
2. Similarly, a long battle had to be fought with court cases to make cigarette manufacturing companies accept that their product could cause cancer. Hence, there is a need for rules and regulations to ensure protection for consumers.
3. It took many years for organizations in India, and around the world, to create awareness amongst people. This has also shifted the responsibility of ensuring the quality of goods and services to the sellers.
4. Because of all these efforts, the movement succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms as well as the government to correct business conduct, which may be unfair, and against the interests of consumers at large.
5. A major step taken in 1986 by the Indian government was the enactment of the
6. Consumer Protection Act 1986, popularly known as COPRA.
7. There are today more than 700 consumer groups in the country.

NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 5: Consumer Rights Explanation

Question 10. State the various ways in which a consumer is exploited by the manufacturers and the traders.

Or

What are various ways in which consumers are exploited in the market by the manufacturer and the traders?

Answer:

The Main Ways Of Exploitation Of Consumers Are:

Adulteration: Mixing or substituting undesirable materials in food causing heavy loss of money and spoilage of health.

False Claim: Sellers make false claims about the quality of the product through advertisement.

Undermeasurement: Sellers generally undermeasure the goods and charge the actual price.

Hoarding And black marketing: Essential commodities are hoarded by traders to create an artificial crisis and sell them at higher prices.

Substandard Goods: In order to make more profit, sellers usually sell inferior quality goods.

High Price: Traders dealing with necessities generally charge arbitrary prices.

Duplicate Articles: In the name of genuine goods, duplicate items are sold.

Lack Of Safety Devices: Locally produced electronic appliances lack the inbuilt safeguards due to which consumers are harmed.

Question 11. What are the duties that consumers must fulfill to secure the right?

Answer:

Duties Of Consumers:

1. Consumers should be more alert and questioning about the price and quality of goods and services.
2. Consumers must be assured to get a fair deal.
3. To organize together as consumers, to develop the strength and influence to promote and protect their interests.
4. To purchase ISI or AGMARK marked products.
5. To ask for the cash memo.
6. To complain for genuine grievances.
7. Consumers should know their rights and must exercise them.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 5: Consumer Rights – Detailed Solutions

Question 12. “Consumer movements can be effective only with the active involvement of the consumers”. Support the statement with two arguments.

Answer:

1. The Indian government has enacted the Consumer Protection Act 1986. It can be implemented effectively only with the participation of people. People should be aware of their rights and duties. They should be vigilant in the market against any unethical practices.
2. More and more consumer protection councils should be formed in towns and cities to make people aware of consumer exploitation, and consumers should lodge complaints against the incidence of exploitation. It is the ignorance and illiteracy of the consumers that the traders exploit in the market.
3. Consumers should observe 24 December as the National Consumers Day with vigor and zeal.

Question 13. To protect the interests of the consumers, the government adopted three strategies – legislative, administrative, and technical. What do you mean by these strategies?

Answer:

1. The legislative measure includes the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act, of 1986.
2. The administrative measure includes the distribution of essential commodities through the Public Distribution System (PDS).
3. The technical measure consists of the standardization of products. The products with ISI marks are popular. BIS caters to industrial and consumer goods. AGMARK is for agricultural products.

Consumer Rights in India: NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 5

Question 13. What is legislation concerning consumer rights?

Answer:

The government has enacted the Consumer Protection Act 1986 to provide for the establishment of Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies at the District, State, and National levels for the protection and promotion of consumer interests and to redress their grievances in a speedy, simple, and inexpensive way.

The agencies have to dispose of each and every complaint within three months. At the district level, it is called the ‘District forum’.

At the state level, it is called ‘State Forum’. At the national level, it is called the ‘National Consumer Commission’, which is the apex court under the Act. It functions in Delhi.

These courts look into grievances and complaints of the consumers against the traders and manufacturers and provide the necessary relief and compensation to the consumers.

Question 14. People make complaints about the lack of civic amenities such as bad roads or poor water and health facilities but no one listens. Now the RTI Act gives you the power to question. Do you agree?

Answer:

Yes, I agree with the statement that the RTI Act gives citizens the power to question. The Act ensures its citizens all the information about the functions of government departments.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics  Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Long Answer Questions

Question 1. What do you mean by Globalisation? What are the effects of globalization in India?

Or

“The impact of globalization is not uniform”. Explain.

Answer:

Globalization is the integration or interconnection between countries through trade and foreign investments by multinational corporations (MNCs).

Positive Impacts:

1. Greater choice and improved quality of goods at a competitive price raise the standard of living.
2. MNCs have increased investments in India.
3. Top Indian companies emerged as multinationals.
4. Created new opportunities for companies providing services like IT sector.
5. Collaborations with foreign companies help a lot to domestic entrepreneurs.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Negative Impacts:

1. Indian economy faced the problem of brain drain.
2. Globalization has failed to mark its impact on unemployment and poverty.
3. Cut in farm subsidies.
4. Closure of small industries.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 4: Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Question 2. What is the WTO? What are the aims of the WTO? What are the drawbacks of the WTO?

Answer:

WTO (World Trade Organisation) is an organization that is in favor of increasing world trade through globalisation.

The Aims Of the WTO Are:

1. To liberalize international trade by allowing free trade for all.
2. To promote international trade among the countries of the world in an open, uniform and nondiscriminatory manner.
3. Removal of both import and export restrictions.

The Drawbacks Of WTO Are:

1. WTO is dominated by the developed countries.
2. WTO is used by developed countries to support globalization in areas that are not directly related to trade.
3. Though the WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers.

Question 3. What are MNCs? How do the MNCs function? What are the main guiding factors of MNCs?

Answer:

MNCs are Multinational corporations. It is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labor and other resources, closer to the markets.

This is done to reduce the cost of production and the MNCs can earn greater profits. MNCs not only sell their finished products globally but also the goods and services are produced globally.

The production process is divided into small parts and spread across the globe. The main guiding factors of the MNCs are:

1. Cheap production
2. The closeness of the production unit to the markets.
3. Favorable government policies.

Globalisation and the Indian Economy NCERT Class 10 Economics Solutions

Question 4. Examine the impact of globalisation in India.

Answer:

1. First, Multi-National Companies have increased their investments in India over the past 15 years, MNCs have been interested in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food, or services such as banking in urban areas. In these industries and services, new jobs have been created. Also, local companies supplying raw materials, etc., to these industries have prospered.
2. Secondly, several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. They have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised their production standards. Some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies.
3. Moreover, globalization has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals themselves. Tata Motors (automobiles), Infosys (IT), Ranbaxy (medicines), Asian Paints (paints), and Sundaram Fasteners (nuts and bolts) are some Indian companies that are spreading their operations worldwide.
4. Globalization has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. The Indian company producing a magazine for the London-based company is an example.
5. Besides, a host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, and engineering are now being done cheaply in countries such as India and are exported to developed countries.
6. For a large number of small producers and workers, globalization has posed major challenges. Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tires, dairy products, and vegetable oil are some examples of small manufacturers, that have been hit hard due to competition. Several of the units have shut down rendering many workers jobless.

There is a greater choice for consumers who now enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several products. As a result, these people today enjoy higher standards of living than before.

Question 5. Mention two problems that forced India to undertake a new economic policy after 1991.

Answer:

Factors responsible for The Need For Change In Economic Policy Are:

1. Bad performance of the public sector.
2. The public sector could not achieve the desired goal.
3. The balance of payment deficit of India had been rising continuously since 1980 – 81.
4. Excess of anticipated expenditure over estimated revenue (i.e., fiscal deficit).
5. Rising prices.

Question 6. Explain the various liberalization measures undertaken by the government of India.

Answer:

Measures of liberalization taken by the Government of India:

1. Abolition of Industrial Licencing and Registration.
2. Concession from Monopolies Act.
3. Freedom for Expansion and Production to Industries.
4. Increase in the Investment limit of the Small Industries.
5. Freedom to Import Technology.
6. Freedom to Import Capital Goods.

Question 7. Describe the changes that have occurred in India due to the adoption of the policy of liberalization and globalization.

Answer:

Visible Changes:

1. There are better services in the communication sector such as telephone, color television, and other electronic goods at low prices.
2. Many food processing companies have taken over the market, such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and other food products.

Invisible Changes:

1. The share of India in trade and services in the world has increased.
2. Foreign direct investment in India has increased.
3. Foreign exchange reserves have increased.
4. Price rise in terms of percentage has declined.
5. Marginal growth in industry and employment opportunities is shown.

NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 4: Globalisation and the Indian Economy Summary

Question 8. In what ways has competition affected workers, Indian exporters, and foreign MNCs in the garment industry?

Answer:

Most of the workers have been badly affected by competition. Many people are forced to work in temporary jobs and at lower wages. Their earning is a meager fraction of what the intermediaries earn in the process.

Indian exporters are forced to improve the quality of their products to withstand competition. Those who have failed to do so had to shut down their shops. Many smaller manufacturers have become bankrupt in the process.

MNCs are usually in profit. They buy cheap and sell dear. A cloth that may cost ₹100 for procurement can sell at more than ₹ 5000 in the US market. Thus, MNCs usually make windfall gains in the process.

Question 9. “One of the present debates in India is whether companies should have flexible policies for employment”. Based on what you have read in the chapter, summarise the point of view of the employers and workers.

Answer:

Many companies advocate the implementation of hire and fire policies so that they can work without thinking about the pressure from workers’ unions. It sounds idealistic, but the real world is not ideal.

A worker does not work just for himself but also for his family members. When a worker loses his job, his family and his society also get affected. Hence, worker’s interests should always be the top priority while formulating employment policies.

Question 10. Suggest any three values that can play an important role in making globalization a process that benefits all nations alike.

Answer:

Three values that can play an important role in making globalization a process that benefits all nations alike are:

1. Social justice
2. Global interdependence
3. Responsible behaviour
4. Ethical economic practices
5. Just interaction globally without domination
6. Respect for other communities

Question 11. In this era of globalization, it is important for the Indian government to take steps to protect manufacturers. Which three values will be displayed by the government in doing so?

Answer:

Following are the values that will be displayed by the government in taking steps to protect the manufacturers:

1. Empathy towards Indian manufacturers
2. Responsible behaviour
3. Sensitivity towards local needs
4. Care and concern for society

Key Concepts of Globalisation and the Indian Economy NCERT Class 10

Question 12.

1. What are the ways in which Ravi’s small production unit was affected by rising competition?
2. Should producers such as Ravi stop production because their cost of production is higher than the producers in other countries? What do you think?

Answer:

1. The following are the ways in which Ravi’s small production unit was affected by rising competition:
   1. The government removed restrictions on imports of capacitors as per its agreements at WTO in 2001.
   2. Competition from the MNC brands forced Indian television companies purchasers of Ravi’s capacitors, to move into assembling activities for the MNCs!
   3. Moreover, television companies preferred to import because the price of the imported item was half the price charged by people like Ravi.
   4. Ravi now produces less than half the capacitors that he produced earlier and has only seven workers in place of 20 workers.
2. No, producers such as Ravi should not stop their production but should reduce their costs by adopting advanced technology and production methods and raising their production standards. Also, the government should provide loans and protect them.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money And Credit Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Differentiate between Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Commercial Bank.

Or

What is the difference between the Reserve Bank of India and the Commercial Bank?

Answer:

Question 2. Explain any two features of formal sector loans and informal sector loans.

Answer:

Formal Sector Loans: Formal sector loans include loans from banks and cooperatives. Features of formal sector loans are:

Formal sectors provide cheap and affordable loans and their rate of interest is monitored by the RBI.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

The formal sector strictly follows the terms of credit which include interest rate, collateral, documentation and the mode of repayment.

Informal Sector Loans: Informal sector loans include loans from moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives, friends, etc. Features of informal sector loans are:

1. Their credit activities are not governed by any organisation, therefore they charge a higher rate of interest.
2. Informal sector loan providers know the borrowers personally, and hence they provide loans on easy terms without collateral and documentation.

Money and Credit NCERT Class 10 Economics Solutions

Question 3. What are the two main reasons for formal credit not being available to the rural poor? Why is there a need to expand rural credit?

Answer:

The Two Main Reasons For Formal Credit Not Being Available To The Rural Poor Are:

1. The absence of collateral and documentation is the main reason which prevents the rural poor from getting bank loans.
2. The arrangements of informal sector loans are flexible in terms of timelines, procedural requirements, interest rates, etc. They are adjustable according to the needs and convenience of the borrower.

There Is A Need To Expand Rural Credit From The Side Of Formal Sector Because:

1. Informal sectors exploit the rural poor by putting them in debt traps.
2. Cheap and affordable credit for the rural poor is important for the country’s overall development.

Question 4. Why do rural borrowers depend on the informal sector for credit? What steps can be taken to encourage them to take loans from formal sources? Explain any two.

Answer:

The Rural Borrowers Depend On The Informal Sector For Credit Because:

1. Absence of collateral and documentation with rural borrowers.
2. Flexible loans in terms of timelines, interest rates, procedural requirements, etc., are provided to rural borrowers by informal sectors.

Steps That Can Be Adopted To Encourage Them To Take Loans From The Formal Sources Are:

1. Awareness among rural borrowers against the exploitation of informal sectors. Need to be aware of the regarding high rates of interest and debt traps made by such moneylenders.
2. Promotion to self-help groups. These groups collect their savings as per their own ability to save. Members can take small loans from the groups to meet their requirements. If the group is regular in savings for a year or two, it can avail loan from the bank.

Question 5.‘Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development. Explain the statement with four points.

Answer:

If the loans are cheap and affordable, this can lead to the country’s development in the following ways:

1. Cheap loans result in higher incomes and higher profits which can help in the expansion of business.
2. More and more people can benefit from the loans in their businesses.
3. This can help in making more and more agricultural activities, small-scale industries, etc.
4. Credit can be distributed more equally which helps to benefit the poor by the help of cheaper loans.

Question 6. Answer the following questions:

1. Why are banks unwilling to lend loans to small farmers?
2. Besides banks, what are the other sources of credit from which the small farmers can borrow?
3. Explain how terms of credit can be unfavourable for small farmers.
4. From where can small farmers get cheap loans?

Answer:

1. Banks provide loans after collateral and documentation securities, which generally the small farmers failed to comply with. Therefore, banks are unwilling to lend loans to small farmers.
2. There are several informal sources of credit like landlords, moneylenders, traders, relatives friends, etc.
3. Terms of informal credit can put the small farmers into debt-traps. Higher rates of interest and unfavourable conditions exploit farmers by the situation of multiple loans.
4. Farmers can get cheap and safe loans from formal credit providers, i.e., banks and cooperative societies.

Key Concepts of Money and Credit NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 3

Question 7. Which are the two major sources of formal sector credit in India? Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit?

Answer:

The two major sources of formal sector credit in India are commercial banks and cooperative societies.

We need to expand formal sources of credit for to following reasons:

1. Informal sources of credit exploit the poor resulting in putting them into debt traps.
2. Formal sources of credit are cheaper and thus they help in the country’s development.

Question 8. What is meant by terms of credit? What does it include?

Answer:

Terms of credit are the requirements that need to be satisfied for any credit arrangements.

It includes interest rate, collateral, documentation and mode of repayment. However, the terms of credit vary depending upon the nature of the lender, borrower and loan.

Question 9. How does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?

Answer:

Reserve Bank Of India (RBI) Supervises The Banks In The Following Ways:

1. It monitors the balance kept by the banks for day-to-day transactions.
2. It checks that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small borrowers.
3. Periodically banks have to give details about lending, borrowers and interest rates to RBI.
4. It is necessary for securing public welfare. It prevents the banks from running the business with profit motive only.
5. It also keeps a check on interest rate of credit facilities provided by the banks. RBI makes sure that the loans from the banks are affordable and cheap.

Question 10. Describe the four features of Self-Help Group (SHG). _

Answer:

The Features Of Self-Help Group (SHG) Are:

1. People form their personal groups for the purpose of savings and also lend money among themselves.
2. The rate of interest is lower than informal service providers.
3. They can also avail of loans from banks if their savings are regular.
4. Decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by group members.

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 3: Money and Credit – Class 10 Economics

Question 11. What is a double coincidence of wants? How has money solved this problem?

Or

Define double coincidence of wants. How does money help to overcome it?

Answer:

Things exchanged for other things without the use of money is known as a barter system. The barter system laid the foundation of trade but trade was limited to the bounds of a village or town.

Hence, in a barter system when both parties agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities, it is known as a double coincidence of wants.

Whatever commodity a person desires to sell is exactly what commodity the other wishes to buy. Without a double coincidence of wants, the exchange of goods is not possible. Therefore, it is an essential feature.

Money eliminates the need for a double coincidence of wants. One can easily exchange their goods in exchange for money and later on pay money for the desired commodities.

Money acts as an intermediate in the process of exchange. It is called a medium of exchange.

Question 12. Differentiate between formal and informal sources of credit.

Answer:

Question 13. Mention four characteristics of each of the formal and informal sources of credit in India.

Or

Write three features each of formal and informal sources of credit:

Answer:

Features Of Formal Sources Of Credit Are:

1. Formal sources of credit are provided by banks and cooperative societies to the borrowers.
2. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governs the functioning of formal sources of credit. RBI periodically checks the interest rate and other details of these sources.
3. They follow proper terms of credit which include collateral, documentation, rate of interest and mode of repayment.
4. They provide cheap and affordable credits with common terms of credit for all.
5. Features Of Informal Sources Of Credit Are:
6. Informal sources of credit are moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives, friends, etc.
7. There is no government or private organisation that manages or checks the credit activities performed by informal sources.
8. Their terms of credit are flexible for the personal benefit of the lenders and the condition of borrowers.
9. They generally charge higher rates of interest and exploit the borrowers for their own benefits.

Understanding Money and Credit: NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 3

Question 14. Study the table given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. Poor households’ share of formal credit in urban areas is low compared to that of rich households. Why is it so?
2. Mention two difficulties faced by the poor households in taking loans from a formal sector.

Answer:

Poor households’ share of formal credit in urban areas is low as compared to that of rich households due to the following reasons:

1. The poor generally lack collateral guarantees and do not have a proper mode of repayment.
2. Informal sources of credit are generally flexible in timings, rate of interest, repayment schedule, etc.

Therefore, it is easier for the poor to approach moneylenders as they know them personally.

1. The poor are not able to satisfy general terms of credit mostly collateral guarantees.
2. Informal moneylenders know the poor borrowers personally and are therefore flexible in terms of repayment schedule, amount of interest, etc.

Question 15. What are the modern forms of money currency in India? Why is it accepted as a medium of exchange? How is it executed?

Answer:

Modern forms of money include currency (paper notes) and coins. It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the government of India.

No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupee. Any person holding money can easily exchange it with any commodity or service that he desires. It acts as an intermediate in the exchange process of different countries.

Question 16. Why are transactions made in money? Explain with suitable examples.

Answer:

Money is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the government of India. In money transactions, money can be paid for any goods or services one desires.

For example: the producer of shoes may want wheat in exchange for his shoes. But he may find it difficult to find a person who is also willing to exchange his wheat for shoes.

So simultaneous fulfilment of mutual wants is the first and foremost condition to buy and sell the commodity.

In money transactions, one can buy a commodity whenever one wants it. One does not have to wait for another person to agree to an exchange of goods.

Question 17. Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all?

Answer:

If credit is available at a reasonable rate, this would lead to higher income and many people could then borrow for a variety of needs such as for growing crops, setting up small-scale industries, for business, etc.

Thus credit at a reasonable rate will be helpful in the development process of a country.

Question 18. How is credit helpful for the country’s development?

Answer:

Large numbers of transactions in our day-to-day activities involve credit in some form or the other.

The credit helps people to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time and thereby increase their earnings.

Hence, it plays a vital and positive role in a country’s development.

Question 19. What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.

Answer:

The basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor is to provide credit facilities at a cheaper rate and also without much documentation process.

An SHG has 15-20 members, usually from the neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly in the range of ₹25 to ₹100 or more.

The amount which is collected by an SHG is utilized to give a loan to a member of the group.

Now the group decides as regards the loans to be granted, the purpose, amount, interest to be charged, and its repayment schedule.

Question 20. What are the various sources of credit in rural areas? Which one of them is the most convenient source of credit? Why is it most convenient? Write two reasons.

Answer:

Various Sources Of Credit In Rural Areas Are:

1. Agricultural traders
2. Moneylenders
3. Commercial banks
4. Cooperative societies
5. Relatives and friends

The Most Convenient Source Of Credit Is A Moneylender Because Of The Following Two Reasons:

1. There is no need for a documentation process while taking a loan from informal sources (moneylenders).
2. No collateral is required. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, livestock, etc.) and is used as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid.

Money and Credit: NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Review

Question 21. What are the advantages of a demand deposit? What values are imparted by this gesture?

Answer:

Following Are The Advantages Of A Demand Deposit:

1. A demand deposit is safe
2. It earns interest
3. It can be withdrawn when required
4. Payments can be made through cheques

Values:

1. Creating awareness
2. Responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Savings
5. Care and concern

NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 3: Money and Credit Questions and Answers

Question 22. What values should the hank keep in mind while extending loans?

Answer:

These Values Are:

1. Social and economic justice
2. Care and concern for society

Question 23. Which two values do these societies promote?

Answer:

Co-operative societies are formed when people with common interest come together and pool their- resources to help each other. These promote values such as mutual cooperation, self-reliance and teamwork.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy Long Question and Answers

Question 1. How would you distinguish between organized and unorganized sectors? Explain in your own words.

Answer:

The organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore people have assured work. They are registered by the government and have to follow certain rules and regulations as per various laws.

On the other hand, the unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units, which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not being followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular.

There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc. Employment is subject to a high degree of insecurity.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 2. Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?

Answer:

Changes That Took Place In Developed Countries (Economies)

1. The relative share of agriculture in both GDP and employment decreased.
2. The relative shares of secondary and tertiary sectors in both GDP and employment decreased.
3. As a result, the tertiary sector of the economy stole a march over the other two sectors of the economy.

Changes That Took Place In India:

1. The relative share of agriculture in both GDP and employment has decreased.
2. The relative shares of the secondary and tertiary sectors in both GDP and employment have increased.
3. However, this shift has been very slow. In the matter of employment, agriculture is still the principal source of employment in the economy. But it generates less than 20% of the GDP.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy

Question 3. How would income and, employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?

Answer:

Irrigation facilities help in increasing the farm’s output. Irrigation facilities can be improved by the construction of canals or the digging of wells. New employment can also be generated.

Marketing facilities will help the farmers in selling their products at fair prices. Wholesale and retail markets would further boost employment. As a result, the income of farmers will increase.

Question 4. Why do you think NREGA 2005 is referred to as Right to Work?

Answer:

NREGA 2005 is referred to as the ‘Right to Work’ because all those who are able to and are in need of work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government.

If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.

Question 5. ln India, the development process has led to an increase in the share of the tertiary sector in GDP”. Do you agree with this statement? Elaborate.

Answer:

In Indin, at higher levels of development, the service sector contributes more to the GDP than the primary and secondary sectors. Due to the rise in government services like hospitals, schools, etc., the share of the service sector has increased.

The higher the development of primary and secondary sectors, the larger will be the share of the service sector. With the development of the IT industry, the share of the service sector has increased tremendously.

In the year 2011, the share of the service sector in the country’s GDP was 57.69%. This phenomenon of growing share of the service sector was accelerated in the post-1991 period.

Question 6. Explain four reasons that are responsible for the increasing importance of the tertiary sector in India.

Or

Explain the importance of the tertiary sector.

Answer:

Tertiary sector has become the largest producer in India over the years due to the following reasons:

1. There has been a large-scale expansion of basic services such as hospitals, educational institutions, communication, banks, etc.
2. The development of agriculture and industry has led to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage, etc.
3. Rise in the income has increased the demand for services such as tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, etc.
4. The growth of the knowledge industry over the past decade due to the revolution in information and communication technologies has led to the emergence of the service sector.

Sectors of the Indian Economy NCERT Class 10 Economics Solutions

Question 7. Define the term ‘organised sector’. Explain three demerits of an unorganized sector.

Answer:

The organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work.

This sector is registered with the government and has to follow certain rules and regulations as per various laws.

The following Are The Demerits Of An Unorganised Sector:

1. Jobs in the unorganized sector are low-paid and often irregular.
2. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.
3. Employment is not secure in this sector. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
4. There are rules and regulations in the unorganized sector but these are not followed.

Question 8. How can more employment be created in rural areas? Explain with the help of four suitable examples.

Answer:

More Employment Can Be Created In Rural Areas By:

1. Constructing wells, dams, canals, roads, etc., in villages and employing local people.
2. Creating storage facilities and providing more transport services in villages.
3. Setting up agro-based industries where a large number of people can be employed in villages.
4. Promoting rural crafts and rural tourism is also a proposal for employment generation.
5. Exploring fields like setting up honey collection centers; IT centers and health centers for providing job opportunities.

Question 9. How can employment be increased in urban areas?

Or

In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?

Answer:

In Urban Areas, Employment Can Be Increased In The Following Ways:

1. By adopting labor-intensive techniques of production
2. The problems regarding power supply, raw materials, and transportation should be removed so that the industries that are working below capacity should produce to their full capacity.
3. Small-scale and cottage industries should be encouraged.
4. The government should encourage self-employment by providing credit facilities, training, facilities, marketing facilities, etc.
5. Targeted employment generation programs should be implemented with full devotion and honesty.
6. There is a large scope of employment in the service sector, especially in tourism, information, and technology. This sector requires proper planning and support from the government to generate employment opportunities.

Question 10. Is the service sector actually growing? Substantiate your answer.

Answer:

• Service sector growth continues to be broad-based. Among the various subsectors of the tertiary sector, trade, hotels, transport, and communication services continue to lead at double-digit rates.
• Fast addition to the existing stock of telephone connections, particularly mobiles, played a key role in such growth. Growth in banking, insurance, and real estate services maintained the momentum.
• The progressive maturing of the Indian financial market and the ongoing construction activities have also added to the growth of the service sector. Undoubtedly, the tertiary sector is playing a significant role in GDP growth but it is also increasing inequalities among the people.
• Real development is the one that removes chronicle problems like unemployment and poverty. Since only a part of the tertiary sector is growing, the tertiary sector has yet to go a long way in the development of the Indian economy.

NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy Explanation

Question 11. Talk to someone who ‘has a regular job in the organized sector and another who works in the unorganized sector. Compare and contrast their working conditions in all aspects.

Answer:

Organized Sector: It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and the employees have permanent jobs.

Unorganized Sector: It is characterized by small and scattered units. These are outside the bounds or control of the government. They are not bound by rules and regulations. Their working conditions can be compared and contrasted thus:

Question 12. Explain any two employment generation programs undertaken by the government.

Answer:

The following employment generation programs have been undertaken by the government:

Rural Works Programme: This program aims at providing employment opportunities to local resources in activities such as the construction of road-rail links, health centers, etc., in rural areas.

National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP): The NFFWP was launched in November 2004 in the 150 most backward districts to generate additional supplementary wage employment with food security. Under the scheme, states receive food grains free of cost.

Question 13. How are disguised and technical unemployment different from each other? Explain. Also, give one example of each.

Answer:

Disguised Unemployment: It is a situation in which more than required people are engaged in a production activity. For example, for weeding one acre of wheat or paddy field, only 4 persons are required but if 6 workers are engaged in the field, the additional 2 persons are underemployed.

Technical Unemployment: If unemployment occurs owing to changes in technology, it is referred to as technical unemployment. For example, when the use of computers drastically reduces the need for skilled workers in an economy, they become technically unemployed.

Question 14. Compare the rate of growth of the tertiary sector with other sectors in terms of GDP and employment.

Answer:

A remarkable fact about India is that while there has been a change in the share of three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.

Around half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, mainly in agriculture, producing only a quarter of the GDP.

In contrast to this, the secondary and tertiary sectors produce three-fourths of total production and they employ less than half of the working population.

In addition, production in the service sector rose by 11 times, while employment in the service sector rose less than three times over the period of 4 decades.

Question 15. Workers which sector needs to be protected? Why?

Answer:

1. Most of the workers in the unorganized sector need to be protected. Sick or loss-making industries of organized sectors are usually shut down.
2. As a result, a large number of workers end up losing their jobs and are forced to seek jobs in the unorganized sector with low earnings. Hence, there is a need for protection and support for these workers.
3. Workers of unorganized sectors in rural areas such as landless agricultural laborers, small and marginal farmers, sharecroppers, and artisans also need to be supported through adequate facilities for timely delivery of seeds, credit, agricultural inputs, storage, and marketing outlets.
4. In the same way, workers in small-scale industries, casual workers in construction sites, trade and transport, street vendors, head-load workers, ragpickers, garment makers, etc., in urban areas need to be protected.
5. In addition, the majority of workers from scheduled castes and tribes, backward communities and others in the unorganized sector face social discrimination. Hence, they need protection. Their protection is necessary for economic development.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy Notes

Question 16. What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?

Answer:

1. The history of developed countries indicates that at the initial stages of development, the primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity. As the methods of farming changed and the agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before, and most people were also employed in this sector,
2. Over more than a hundred years, when new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding. In this way, the secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment,
3. During the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from the secondary to the tertiary sector. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production and employment.
4. This has been the general pattern of shifting between sectors in developed countries.

Question 17. What values are responsible for the exploitation of workers in the unorganized sector?

Answer:

The following Values Are Responsible For The Exploitation Of Workers In The Unorganised Sectors:

1. Rules and regulations are not followed.
2. Workers are not aware of their rights.
3. Jobs are low-paid and insecure.
4. Workers cannot avail leave. They sometimes have to work even on holidays.

Question 18. What role does the primary sector play in the Indian economy?

Answer:

The primary sector plays the following role in the Indian Economy:

1. The primary sector deals with activities that produce goods using natural
2. It provides livelihood to more than 50% of the population.
3. It forms the base for other sectors of the economy.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Which is the most suitable measure of economic development?

Answer:

Economic development has been seen from different angles which are discussed below;

1. Gross National Product: Every rise in GNP indicates the development of the nation. A higher growth rate of GNP will mean higher development.
2. Per Capita Income: It is an average income of a national resident which considers both income and population of the country.
3. Human Development Index (HDI): It considers an improvement in per capita income, health status as well as educational standards. It is considered as the most suitable index of development.
4. Sustainable Development: Recently economic development has been studied in the form of sustainable development.

In such a development, natural resources and the environment are safely protected for future generations.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1: Development

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Recently HDI is acknowledged as the most suitable measure of economic development.

Question 2. What do you mean by national development? What are the aspects covered under this concept?

Answer:

1. Under individual development, emphasis is laid on the development of an individual while under national development government decides what would be good for all people.
2. Under national development, only those programs policies, and schemes are implemented that would benefit a large section of society.
3. Under national development, it is very important to decide about conflicts and their remedies.
4. Under national development, we have also to think about whether there are other better ways of doing things and solving the problems that confront the nation and the masses.

Question 3. Write a paragraph of what India should do, or achieve, to become a developed country.

Or

What should India do to become a developed nation? Give your arguments.

Answer:

At present, India is one of the fastest developing economies in the world, though we have still to do a lot to become a developed country.

However, it is the crying need of the hour that we should increase and accelerate the pace of development further. To achieve our goal, we can suggest the following:

1. We must build a strong infrastructure, for example, a network of transportation and communication, power generation, financial institutions, etc.
2. We must increase the rate of saving and investment; and attract FDI in the core sector of the economy. Huge capital formation should be our, top priority.
3. Educational and medical facilities should be extended to all sections of the society. This will result in human and social development.
4. The private sector should be given more room to expand. All restraints and bottle-necks should be removed. Rules and regulations should be made simple.
5. We must strengthen our industrial base, encourage research work, and develop our own techniques, scientific work should be made broad-based; talent of the youth should be tapped; brain-drain should be discouraged.
6. We should stop the export of raw materials and encourage the export of finished goods.
7. We must expand our tertiary sector and modernize our agriculture.
8. We must explore new sources of energy and reduce our dependence on imported oil.

Development NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 4. Write the major features of sustainable development.

Answer:

Sustainable development does not mean that natural resources should not be used at all.

It implies that natural resources should be used in such a way that there is no environmental degradation so that long-term objectives such as increase in income and employment, abolition of poverty and improvement, and standard of living should be achieved.

No compromise with the interests of future generations—Sustainable development aims at making use of natural resources and the environment to raise the standard of living of the masses in such a manner as not to lower the quality of life of the future generation.

No increase in pollution or environmental degradation—Sustainable development denounces these activities which lower the existing standard of living, and prove detrimental to natural resources and the environment.

So one must desist from undertaking such activities as an increase in pollution and a decrease in the quality of life of future generations.

Question 5. How can you say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue? Illustrate with examples.

Answer:

There is no doubt that environmental degradation is not just a national issue. Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries, this issue is no longer region or nation-specific.

Our future is linked together. For example, global warming, deforestation, climatic change, war, and even famine in one part of the world have a worldwide impact.

Question 6. Before accepting a job in a far-off place what factor, would you try to consider, apart from income?

Answer:

Facility for your family. Working atmosphere or opportunity to learn. Regular employment that enhances your sense of security.

Question 7. What indicators have come to be widely used as a measure of development? Support your answer by giving examples.

Answer:

Over the past decades or so health and education indicators have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of development.

Example: The Human Development Report published by the UNDP compares countries on the following basis:

1. Per capita income
2. Their health status
3. The educational level of the people

NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 1: Development Summary

Question 8. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.

1. People have different developmental goals,
2. People have conflicting developmental goals.

Answer:

People have different developmental goals simply mean an overall improvement in the various spheres of their life.

• Conflicting goals, on the other hand, imply that the developmental goals of one individual may be harmful or destructive to the developmental goals of another individual (s).
• Thus, the given two statements do not mean the same. For example, the construction of a highway is the developmental goal for the cities it is connecting.
• However, a large-scale demolition of houses, trees, etc., takes place to facilitate its construction.
• This might negatively affect those who are displaced due to demolition.
• While highway construction was a developmental goal for almost each and every individual, it also conflicts with the developmental goal of certain categories of people.

Question 9. How can you say developmental goals are conflicting goals also?

Answer:

Some developmental goals are conflicting in nature. It may be developmental for one person or for a group but it may be harmful or destructive for the other.

For example, industrialists want more electricity and to develop dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced from their land.

Question 10. State some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.

Or

Mention any two important aspects of our lives other than income.

Answer:

Though regular work, better wages, high income, and decent prices for their crops or other products are important factors in our lives, they may not at all make our lives happy and contented. There are also other factors which are even more important in life.

Besides seeking more income, people prefer to seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect for others, good education, better health facilities, and a friendly and cordial neighborhood. Even a rich man cannot purchase these non-material necessities of life.

Question 11. How can education play an important role in development?

Answer:

Education increases the quality of labor and quality enhances total productivity.

• Total productivity adds to the growth of the economy. This, in turn, pays an individual through salary or in some other form of his choice.
• It opens new scopes for people, provides new aspirations, and develops values of life, aptitudes, knowledge, and skills.
• It provides capacity and flexibility to the people and enables them to contribute to the economic development of the country.
• General education raises the levels of understanding of the people while technical education makes a significant contribution in raising efficiency and productivity by encouraging science and technology in the country.
• It promotes a rational and scientific outlook for the solutions to problems faced by the country.
• The government should take steps to increase employment opportunities for the solution to problems faced by the country.

Key Concepts of Development NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 1

Question 12. Explain the role of per capita income and economic welfare as indicators of development.

Answer:

Per Capita Income: It is obtained by dividing the national income by the total population of the country.

• Per capita income cannot be a true measure of development because if the per capita income of a country increases over a period, we cannot conclude that all sections of the society have become better off as there may not be an equitable distribution of income.
• The gap between rich and poor may become wider. Rich may become richer while poor may become poorer.

Economic Welfare: If with the increase in average income the gap between rich and poor shortens, this will definitely indicate the economic welfare of the country.

The equitable distribution of income and wealth indicates that economic welfare can be a true indicator of development.