Planning Survey And Evaluation Question And Answers

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Planning Survey And Evaluation Definitions

Planning

  • Planning is a systemic approach to defining the problem, setting priorities, developing specific goals & objectives & determining alternative strategies & methods of implementation.

Survey

  • It is a non-experimental type of research that attempts to gather information about the status quo for a large number of cases by describing present conditions without directly analyzing their causes

Evaluation

  • Evaluation measures the degree to which objectives & targets are fulfilled & the quality of the results obtained

Planning Survey And Evaluation Important Notes

1. Types of survey

Planning, Survey & EvaluatioN Types of survey

2. Pathfinder survey

  • It was put forth by WHO
  • In this survey, 0.1%-1% of the population is assessed by 4 specific groups of different ages
  • Age groups:

Planning, Survey & Evaluation Age groups

Planning Survey And Evaluation Long Essays

Question 1. Define survey. How do you conduct an oral health survey of a town having a 3 lac population?
Answer:

Definition Of Survey:

  • It is a non-experimental type of research that attempts to gather information about the status quo for a large number of cases by describing present conditions without directly analyzing their causes

Steps

  • Establishing the objectives
    • The objective must be clear before the start of the study
    • It can be stated in the form of a null hypothesis or by describing what is to be measured
  • Designing the investigation
    • Protocol: it should contain
      • Main objective & purpose of the survey
      • Type of the study to be used- descriptive or analytic
      • Type of information to be collected & methods to be used- case-control or cohort
      • Sampling method used
      • Personnel & physical arrangement
      • Statistical methods to be used
    • Budget
    • Schedule of the activities
    • Selection of control group or cohort
  • Selecting the sample
    • It is done as it is impossible to study every individual in the study population
    • Along with it, it saves resources in terms of time, money & manpower
    • Sample i.e. reference population is selected using any of the sampling methods
  • Conducting the examination
    • Organize the survey as follows
    • Prior to the examination obtain approval from the authorities
    • The budget is made according to the resources required
    • Schedule the program as the time required for oral examination
    • Prepare a list of emergency care & referral services
    • The diagnostic method used should be valid & reliable
    • Organize the personnel such as clerks to manage the patients
  • Instruments & supplies needed
    • Plain mouth mirror- 30/ examiner
    • Periodontal probe-30/examiner
    • Several pair of tweezer
    • Container & concentrated sterilizing solution
    • A wash basin
    • Cloth/ paper hand towels
    • Gauze
  • Infection control
    • Including the use of protective barriers, sterilization, waste disposal
  • Examination area- includes
    • An adjustable chair
    • A source of illumination
    • A recorder to receive information from the examiner
  • Precautions
    • Minimize the number of examiners
    • Use of a similar design to the explorer
    • Minimum divergences of opinion
    • Discuss the interpretation of borderline cases
    • Circulate rules among examiners
    • Supervises should recheck an occasional case
  • Analyzing the data
    • The data is analyzed manually or mechanically
    • Tabulation & graphical presentation is done for an easy conclusion
  • Drawing the conclusion
    • It is related to the investigation
    • No exploration of the population as a whole is made
  • Publishing the report
    • It should be clear & simple
    • It should contain
  • Purpose of the survey
  • Materials & methods used
  • Diagrammatic presentation of the result
  • Discussion & conclusion
  • Summary/abstract

Planning Survey And Evaluation

Question 2. What do you mean by planning? Write about the stages of planning
Answer:

Definition Of Planning:

  • Planning is a systemic approach to defining the problem, setting priorities, developing specific goals & objectives & determining alternative strategies & methods of implementation.

Steps:

Identify The Problem:

  • It includes

Planning, Survey & Evaluation Conducting need assessment

Determining Priorities:

  • A health advisory committee is established for it
  • Priorities are determine
    • To allow the most efficient allocation of resources
  • For ranking solutions to the problem
  • Factors considered are
  • Severity of disease
  • Who needs care most
  • Percentage of people affected
  • High-risk group

Development of Program Goals, Objectives & Activities:

  • Goal: it is defined as the ultimate desired state towards which objectives & resources are directed
  • Objective: it should be precise
  • It should specify
    • Nature of situation/ condition
    • The extent of the situation/ condition
    • Desired population
    • Desired geographic area
    • Desired time of the situation is intended to exist
  • Types: outcome & process
  • Activities include
    • What is going to be done
    • Who will be doing it
    • When will it be done

Resources Identification:

  • Resources should be
    • Appropriate
    • Adequate
    • Effective
    • Efficient

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Identifying Constraints:

  • Constraints that commonly occur are
    • Lack of funding
    • Lack of inadequate facilities
    • Lack of time
    • Inadequate transport
    • Labor shortage
    • Negative community attitudes

Identify Alternative Strategies:

  • To overcome the existing constraints & available resources

Develop Implementation Strategies:

  • Includes
    • Why? – objective of the study
    • What?- activities required
    • Who?- Individuals responsible
    • When?- Sequence of activities
    • How?- Materials & method use
    • How much?- Cost & time spent

Implementation:

  • It is the process of putting the plan into operation
  • It involves individuals, organizations & the community

Monitoring, Evaluating & Revising The Program:

  • Monitoring refers to the maintenance of an ongoing watch over the activities of a health service
  • It is the basis for the continual modification of goals, plans, or activities
  • The program requires continuous surveillance of all activities

Planning Survey And Evaluation Short Essays

Question 1. Calibration of examiners in surveys.
Answer:

Objectives

  • To ensure uniform interpretation, understanding & application by all examiners of the codes & criteria for various diseases and conditions to be observed
  • To ensure that each examiner can examine consistently

Features:

  • To measure intra-examiner variability each examiner should carry out reproducibility
  • One of many examiners must be carefully standardized
  • To measure inter-examiner variability examiner should undergo a training & calibration exercise

Precautions:

  • Minimize the number of examiners
  • Use of a similar design to the explorer
  • Minimum divergences of opinion
  • Discuss the interpretation of borderline cases
  • Circulate rules among examiners
  • Supervises should recheck an occasional case

Question 2. Importance of pilot survey/ Pilot survey.
Answer:

Importance of pilot survey

  • The pilot survey includes only the most important subgroups in the population
  • Provide the minimum amount of data needed for planning
  • Includes only one or two index ages out of which one is 12 years
  • Additional data should then be collected for the implementation & monitoring of services

Question 3. Evaluation.
Answer:

Definition:

  • Evaluation measures the degree to which objectives & targets are fulfilled & the quality of the results obtained
  • It measures the productivity of available resources in achieving clearly defined objectives
  • It measures how much output or cost-effectiveness is achieved
  • It makes possible the reallocation of priorities & of resources on the basis of changing health needs- WHO

Purpose:

  • Determine the value of the program
  • Provide information for decision making
  • Measure the effect
  • Modification can be done
  • Measure the progress of each activity

Criteria:

  • Effectiveness
  • Efficiency
  • Appropriateness
  • Adequacy

Types:

  • Formative
  • It refers to the internal evaluation of a program
  • It is an examination of the process/ activities of a program as they are taking place
  • It aids in the development of a program in its early phases
  • It concerns whether various components of a program are workable or whether changes should be made
  • Summative
  • It judges the worth of a program
  • It is aimed at program decision-makers

Elements:

  • Relevance
    • Adequacy
    • Accessibility
    • Acceptability
    • Effectiveness
    • Efficiency
    • Impact

Steps:

  • Determine what is to be evaluated
    • Establishment of standard criteria
    • Planning of methodology
    • Gathering information
    • Analysis of results
    • Taking action
    • Revaluation

Planning Survey And Evaluation Short Question And Answers

Question 1. Evaluation.
Answer:

Evaluation Definition:

  • Evaluation measures the degree to which objectives & targets are fulfilled & the quality of the results obtained
  • It measures the productivity of available resources in achieving clearly defined objectives
  • It measures how much output or cost-effectiveness is achieved
  • It makes possible the reallocation of priorities & of resources based on changing health needs- WHO

Purpose:

  • Determine the value of the program
  • Provide information for decision-making
  • Measure the effect
  • Modification can be done
  • Measure the progress of each activity

Criteria:

  • Effectiveness
    • Efficiency
    • Appropriateness
    • Adequacy

Types:

  • Formative
  • Summative

Question 2. Plan.
Answer:

  • A plan is a decision about a course of action

Question 3. Pathfinder survey.
Answer:

Pathfinder survey

  • It is a stratified cluster sampling technique that aims to include the most important population subgroups likely to have differing disease levels
  • It is a practical & economical method
  • It provides the following information
  • Prevalence of oral diseases
  • The severity of oral diseases
  • Need for treatment
  • Progression of oral diseases

Classification:

  • Pilot survey
  • National pathfinder survey

Question 4. Formative evaluation.
Answer:

Formative evaluation

  • It refers to the internal evaluation of a program
  • It is an examination of the process/ activities of a program as they are taking place
  • It aids in the development of a program in its early phases
  • It concerns whether various components of a program are workable or whether changes should be made

Question 5. Uses of the survey.
Answer:

Monitoring Trends In Oral Health & Disease:

  • When surveys are repeated over time it give information about how oral health varies by geographic area, social class, race, or ethnic group

Policy Development:

  • A survey can be used to establish oral health strategies & develop an oral health policy

Program Evaluation

  • Survey data are often used to evaluate program
  • However, inferences in a survey need to be made with caution

Assessment Of Dental Needs

  • The survey can be used for the assessment of needs with differences in criteria used in the survey & for an individual patient care

Provide Visibility To Dental Issues From A

National Survey:

Question 6. Summative evaluation
Answer:

Summative evaluation

  • It judges the worth of a program
  • It is aimed at program decision-makers
  • It provides information on program effectiveness
  • Conducted after the completion of the program design

Uses:

  • To help decide whether to continue or end a program
  • To help determine whether a program should be expanded to other locations

Planning, Survey, And EvaluatioN Viva Voce

  1. The analytical survey is conducted to assess the determinants of the diseases
  2. The Pathfinder survey employs a stratified cluster sampling technique
  3. 15 The age group is considered an global age index age to monitor oral health
  4. 15 years index age is important to assess periodontal disease indicators in adolescent
  5. 35-44 years index group is used to assess the full effect of dental caries and the severity of periodontal involvement
  6. 25-50 subjects in each index age group are to be examined in the Pathfinder survey
  7. Calibration is done to ensure uniform interpretation of codes and criteria for various diseases and conditions
  8. 5-10 minutes are taken for a basic oral health examination of the child
  9. 15-20 minutes is taken for a basic oral health examination of adults
  10. The validator in a survey is an experienced epidemiologist
  11. The recording clerk is instructed to record data on the assessment form in a survey
  12. The pilot survey includes the most important subgroups and one or more index ages
  13. Children are examined at 5 years of age in the Pathfinder survey to estimate the level of dental caries in primary dentition

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