Pathology Miscellaneous Short And Long Essay Question And Answers

Pathology Miscellaneous Long Essays

Question 1. Discuss the causes of hemorrhage and describe the complications.
Answer:

Causes of Hemorrhage:

Hemorrhage Complications:

• It depends on
• Amount of blood loss
• Speed of blood loss
• Site of hemorrhage

Pathology Miscellaneous Short Essays

Question 1. Thyrotoxicosis
Answer: Thyrotoxicosis is a syndrome resulting from an increased level of free thyroxin

Thyrotoxicosis Clinical Features:

• Hyperactivity
• Irritability
• Heat intolerance
• Palpitations
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Weight loss
• Increased appetite
• Tachycardia
• Systolic hypertension
• Presence of tremors
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Excessive sweating
• Exophthalmos

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Thyrotoxicosis Management:

1. General management:

• Rest
• Nutritious diet

2. Drug therapy:

• Carbimazole- Initial dose of 30 mg/day, maintenance dose of 10-20 mg/day is given
• Potassium perchlorate -800 mg/day in divided doses
• Sodium or potassium iodide 6-10 mg/day

3. Surgical treatment: Subtotal thyroidectomy

4. Radioiodine treatment: Iodine is given in doses of 8-10 millicuries

Question 3. Mention the diseases transmitted through blood transfusion and screening tests.
Answer:

Diseases Transmitted Through Blood Transfusion: The common diseases transmitted through blood transfusion are as follows:

• AIDS
• Hepatitis B and C
• CMV
• Syphilis
• Malaria
• Toxoplasmosis

Screening Tests:

• The usual screening TESTS performed before blood transfusion are
  • ELISA for HIV and Hepatitis B
  • VDRL for syphilis
  • PS for malarial parasites

Pathology Miscellaneous Short Question And Answers

Question 1. Antioxidants
Answer: Antioxidants are endogenous or exogenous substances

Antioxidants Importance:

• Inactivate free radicals
• Play an important role in net effect of free radical in-jury
• It influence the rate of elimination of free radicals

Antioxidants Examples:

• Vitamin E, A, and C
• Sulfhydryl-containing compounds like cysteine and glutathione
• Serum proteins- ceruloplasmin and transferrin

Question 2. Idiopathic hemochromatosis
Answer:

• A form of hemosiderosis in which there is excessive intestinal absorption of iron even when intake is normal, it is called idiopathic hemochromatosis
• It is an autosomal dominant disease associated with much more deposits of iron
• It is characterized by a triad of
  • Pigmentary liver cirrhosis
  • Pancreas damage resulting in diabetes mellitus
  • Skin pigmentation

Idiopathic hemochromatosis Synonyms:

• Hereditary hemochromatosis
• Bronze diabetes

Question 3. Immunization of rabies
Answer:

Rabies vaccines are two types

1. Neural
2. Non-neural

1. Neural Vaccines:

• Semple vaccine:
  • The most widely used vaccine
  • Developed by Semple at Central Research Institute, Kasauli.
  • It is a 5% suspension of infected sheep brain and inactivated by 5% phenol at 37°C leaving no residual live virus.
• Beta Propiolactone (BPL) Vacine:
  • Modified semple vaccine
  • Instead of phenol, BPL is used as inactivating agent.
• Infant brain vaccine:
  • Used widely in south America
  • Reduce neurological complications.
    • Vaccination Schedules:
      • Now a days not used.
      • In the past they were given subcutaneously on the anterior abdominal wall.
      • 7 – 14 injections depends on the degree of risk.

2. Non-Neural Vaccines:

• Duck Egg Vaccine:
  • BPL is used as an inactivating agent
  • It has poor immunogenicity so not used now.
• Tissue culture vaccines: Following cell culture vaccines are available in India.

1. Human diploid cell strain vaccine [HDCS]

• The HDCS vaccine is prepared by growing the rabies virus on human diploid cells and is inactivated with BPL.
• This vaccine is highly antigenic and free of side effects

2. Purified chick embryo cell vaccine [PCEC]

• PCEC is now widely used.
• It is cheaper
• It contains BPL inactivated flurry LEP strain
• 3. Purified Vero cell vaccine [PVC]
• This vaccine is under study

Question 4. Bombay blood group
Answer:

• Red blood cells of type 0 have large amounts of another antigen called H substance
• This is different from ABO
• It is the precursor of A and B antigens
• An O-group individual who inherits A or B genes but fails to inherit the H gene from either parent is called the Bombay blood group
• It contains anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H antibodies in serum
• But red cells are not agglutinated by them

Question 5. The specific gravity of urine
Answer:

• The specific gravity of urine is the ratio of the weight of 1 ml volume of urine to that of 1 ml of distilled water
• it depends upon the concentration of various particles or solutes in the urine

Urine Uses: Use to measure concentrating and diluting power of the kidneys

Urine Methods:

• It is measured by
  • Urinometer
  • Refractometer
  • Reagent strips

Urine Significance:

Question 6. Anticoagulants used in blood bank
Answer: Anticoagulants are substances which prevent or postponed the coagulation of blood

Anticoagulants Types:

• Natural anticoagulants
• Anticoagulants used in blood banks
• Anticoagulants used in laboratory
• Therapeutic Anticoagulants

Anticoagulants Used In Blood Banks: Anticoagulants used in blood banks are

• Acid citrate dextrose (ACD)
• Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD)
  • They are used to store blood in the blood bank
  • Citrates combine with calcium ions in the blood to form a calcium citrate complex
  • This decreases ionic calcium levels and prevents coagulation