Pathology Infections And Infestation Short And Long Essay Question And Answers

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Infections And Infestation Short Essays

Question 1. Lab diagnosis of enteric fever
Answer:

Enteric fever Lab Diagnosis:

1. Isolation of bacilli.

  • For isolation of bacteria, specimens are obtained from blood, faeces, urine, aspirated duodenal fluid, bile, bone marrow or rose spot.
  • These specimens are then cultured.

Infections And Infestation Isolation of bacilli

2. Demonstration of Antibodies

1. Widal test.

It is an agglutination for the detection of agglutinins H and 0 in patients with enteric fever

Widal test Method:

  • Equal volumes f0.4 ml) serial dilutions of serum from 1:10 to 1: 640 and H and O antigens are mixed.
  • One control tube containing antigen and normal saline is used.
  • All these tubes are incubated in a water bath at 37°C.

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Widal test Results:

Infections And Infestation Widel test Results

Widal test Interpretation:

Infections And Infestation Widel test Interpretation

3. Demonstration of circulating antigen.

Done by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and ELISA.

Question 2. Urinary sediment
Answer:

Urinary sediment contains the following constituents

Infections And Infestation Urinary sediment

  • It also contains
    • Crystals of
      • Calcium oxalate
      • Uric acid
      • Amorphous urate
      • Tyrosine
      • Calcium carbonate
    • Miscellaneous structures like
      • Spermatozoa
      • Parasite
      • Fungus
      • Tumour cells

Infections And Infestation Short Question And Answers

Question 1. Amoebiasis
Answer:

  • Caused by entamoeba histolytica
  • E. Histolytica can cause two types of pathological lesions as follows

Infections And Infestation Primary Amoebiasis

  • This condition is called as amoebic dysentery.
  • These ulcers may be generalised (or) may be localised to the ileo-caecal (or) sigmoidorectal region.
  • Occasionally ulcers may involve deeper tissues and may cause perforation (or) peritonitis.
  • Erosion of blood vessels may lead to haemorrhage.
  • The superficial lesions generally heal without scarring.
  • Deep ulcers form scars leading to strictures, partial obstruction and thickening of gut wall.

2. Extra-intestinal amoebiasis (or) secondary (or) metastatic lesions.

Amoebic liver abscess:

Infections And Infestation Amoebic liver abscess

Question 2. Candidiasis
Answer:

  • Candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans and occasionally by other Candida species
  • It is an opportunistic endogenous infection.

Candidiasis Predisposing Factors:

  • Diabetes
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Malignancy
  • Prolonged administration of antibiotics
  • Patients on immunosuppressive drugs and intravenous catheters

Candidiasis Treatment:

  • Removal of predisposing factors
  • For superficial infections- Topical application of polyene and imidazole is used
  • For systemic infections- Amphotericin B + 5- fluoroscopy- tosine is used

Question 3. Rhinosporidiosis
Answer:

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease.

Rhinosporidiosis Causative Organism:

Rhinosporidium seeberi.

Rhinosporidiosis Mode of Infection:

Frequent contact with stagnant water.

Rhinosporidiosis Features:

  • Friable polyps
  • Sites involved- nose, mouth and eye
  • Oral manifestations are Oropharyngeal lesions
  • They appear as soft red polypoid growth and spread to the pharynx and larynx.
  • These lesions contains mucoid discharge and are vascular.

Rhinosporidiosis Diagnosis:

  • H and E stained tissue sections shows a large number of endospores within the sporangia
  • These are embedded in a stroma of connective tissue, and capillaries

Question 4. Cysticercus cellulose
Answer:

  • Cysticercus cellulose is the larval stage of taenia solium
  • It develops in the muscles of the pig which is intermediate host
  • A mature cyst is an opalescent ellipsoidal body and the long axis of the cyst is parallel to the muscle fibre.
  • A dense milky white spot is present at the side where the scolex with its hooks and suckers remains invalidated.
  • The cyst develops further when ingested by man which is the definitive host
  • It may develop in any organ but are usually present in the subcutaneous tissues and muscles.

Various features of cysticercosis:

  • They causes palpable nodule in sub-cutaneous tissues and muscles
  • In brain leads to epileptic attacks.
  • Neurocysticercosis involving the nervous system is the most serious form

Question 5. Fungi infecting hair
Answer:

  • Dermatophytes are the group of fungi affecting the hair.
  • Favus is a chronic type of ringworm involving the hair follicles

Fungi infecting hair Features:

  • Alopecia
  • Scarring
  • Sparse hyphal growth
  • Formation of air spaces within the hair shaft

Fungi infecting Hair Types:

Infections And Infestation Fungi infecting hair Types

Question 6. Urinometer.
Answer:

  • It is an equipment for determining urine specific gravity
  • It is composed of
    • Float – It is air filled glass tube
    • Weight – It is a bulb filled with ball bearings
    • Stem – It has calibrated graduation and numbers marked off to indicate specific gravity measurements
  • Urinometer is placed in a tube of urine and where the meniscus of the urine reaches displays the specific gravity of the urine

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