Pathogenesis Of Periodontal Diseases Short Essay Question And Answers

Pathogenesis Of Periodontal Diseases Important Notes

1. Cytokines

• The three proinflammatory cytokines that have a central role in periodontal tissue destruction are interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor, TNF
• The properties of these cytokines that relate to tissue destruction involve stimulation of bone resorption and in-duction of tissue degrading proteinases
• IL-1 exists in alpha and beta forms
• Both forms are the main constituents of the osteoclast activating factor
• It is a potent stimulant of osteoclast proliferation, differentiation, and activation
• TNF is also found in alpha and beta forms
• IL-1 and TNF-a induce the production of proteinases in mesenchymal cells including matrix metalloproteinases which may contribute to tissue destruction

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Pathogenesis Of Periodontal Diseases Short Essays

Question 1. Cytokines.
Answer:

Cytokines Definition: ‘Cell protein’ is used for molecules that transmit information/signals from one cell to another.

Cytokines Actions:

• Acts as fibroblast, macrophages, keratinocytes, and PMNs
• Release MMP’s
• Degrade connective tissue matrix

Pathogenesis Of Periodontal Diseases Short Answers

Question 1. Define cytokine.
Answer: Cytokine

Question 2. Interleukin 1.
Answer: Interleukin is cytokines

Interleukin 1 Secreted By:

• Macrophages, lymphocytes
• Fibroblasts, platelets
• Keratinocytes and endothelial cells

Interleukin 1 Functions:

• Increases neutrophils adhesion
• Promotes antibody production
• Causes tissue destruction
• Secretes MMP’s
• Releases PGE2

Question 3. Prostaglandin.
Answer:

• Short range hormone
• Present in inflammatory exudates, leukotrienes
• Released from – Mast cells and basophils

Prostaglandin Example: PGE2

Prostaglandin Functions:

• Osteoclastic resorption
• Degrades connection tissue matrix

Question 4. Bacterial Endotoxin.
Answer:

Location: Outer membrane of Gram-ve bacteria

Bacterial Endotoxin Pathogenesis:

• Penetrate gingival epithelium
• Produce fatty and organic acids, amines, VSCs, indole, ammonia, and glycans

Bacterial Endotoxin Effects:

• Direct activation of host responses
• Produce leukopenia
• Activate Factor XII, Complement system
• Cytotoxic effects on fibroblast
• Tissue Necrosis
• Bone resorption

Question 5. Virulence Factors.
Answer:

The properties that enable the bacterium to cause disease are termed virulence factor

1. Fimbriae Helps in adherence of A. viscous (for example) on the saliva-coated tooth surface
2. Exotoxin’s Toxic Effect on PMNs
3. Lipopolysaccharides – Activates host response
4. Peptidoglycan – Activates complement system
5. Immunosuppressive activity
6. Enzymes
   • Collagenase-Degrades collagen
   • Hyaluronidase – Alters gingival permeability
7. Others Damage host cells
   • Degrade antibody
   • Damage keratinocytes