Immune Response Short Essay Question And Answers

Immune Response Short Essays

Question 1. Interferon.
Answer:

Interferon

Interferon was originally identified as an antiviral agent but now it is classified as a more general regulatory peptide belonging to cytokines.

Interferon Types:

Interferon Function:

1. It is an antiviral agent.

• Produces antiviral effects by induction of resistance to infections.

2. Antimicrobial effect.

• Induces resistance to intracellular parasitic infections.

3. Cellular effects.

• Inhibits cell growth and proliferation.
• Inhibits DNA and Protein synthesis.
• Increases expression of MHC antigens.

Read And Learn More: Microbiology Question and Answers

4. Immunoregulatory effects.

• Enhances the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells and T cells.
• Activates macrophage activity.
• Modulates antibody formation.
• Activates suppressor T cells.

Question 2. Cytokines.
Answer:

Cytokines

• Cytokines are peptide mediators or intercellular messengers.
• They are biologically active, hormone-like substances.

Cytokines Functions:

• Regulates immunological, inflammatory, and reparative host responses.
• They have multiple effects on the growth and differentiation of various cells.
• They have multiple effects on the growth and differentiation of various cells.
• They act locally near the producing cells called paracrine effects.
• They produce an autocrine effect by acting directly on the cells producing them.
• Cytokines and their agonists and antagonists are used in the management of inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic conditions.

Cytokines Sources:

• Cytokines are produced by.
• Lymphocytes
• Macrophages
• Platelets
• Fibroblasts.

Cytokines Regulation:

• Cytokines production is regulated by.

1. Exogenous stimuli.

• Antigens
• Mitogens

2. Endogenous factors.

• Neuroendocrine hormonal peptides.

3. Products of lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase pathways.

Cytokines Regulation Examples:

• Important cytokines are:
  • Interleukins.
  • Colony stimulating factors.
  • Tumor necrosis factor.
  • Interferons.
  • Transforming growth factor – p
  • Leukemia inhibitory factor.

Immune Response Short Question And Answers

Question 1. Lymphokines.
Answer:

Lymphokines

Lymphokines are biologically active substances released by activated T – T-lymphocytes.

Lymphokines Functions:

• Responsible for cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
• Macrophages under the effect of lymphokines destroy micro-organisms involved in CMI.
• Participate in many functions of T-cells.
• Transmit various growth, differentiation, and behavior-neural signals between the cells of the immune system.

Lymphokines Examples:

1. Lymphokines affecting lymphocytes
2. Lymphokines affecting macrophages
3. Lymphokines affecting granulocytes
4. Lymphokines affecting cultured cells