Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal System Short Essays

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Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal System Short Essays

Question 1. Gingival

Answer:

Gingival Causes:

  1. Inflammation
    • Acute
    • Chronic
  2. Drug-induced
    • Phenytoin
    • Cyclosporins
  3. Systemic diseases
    • Conditioned
      • Puberty
      • Pregnancy
      • Non-specific
    • Systemic diseases
      • leukemia
  4. Neoplastic
    • Benign tumors
    • Malignant tumors
  5. False enlargements
  6. idiopathic

Gingival Features

  1. Color – Reddish
  2. Surface – Smooth and shiny
  3. Symptoms – Painful, expanding lesion
  4. Sign – Bleeding on probing
    • Tender on percussion
    • Exudation of purulent material
  5. Size – Swollen gums

Question 2. Glossitis.

Answer:

Glossitis

Glossitis is an inflammation of the tongue that causes is to enlarge and change in color.

Glossitis Types:

  1. Acute glossitis – Appears suddenly
  2. Chronic glossitis – Appears very often
  3. Idiopathic glossitis – Leads to loss of papillae.

Glossitis Causes:

  1. Allergic reactions.
  2. Immunological diseases
  3. Oral herpes simplex infection.
  4. Iron deficiency
  5. Dry mouth
  6. Trauma

Glossitis Clinical Features:

  1. Pain or tenderness in the tongue.
  2. Swelling in the tongue.
  3. Redness of tongue.
  4. Difficulty in speech, eat or swallowing.
  5. Loss of papillae.

Read And Learn More: General Medicine Question and Answers

Glossitis Treatment:

  1. Dietary changes – to treat anaemia.
  2. Avoid irritants.
  3. Uses of antibiotics, antifungal, corticosteroids.
  4. Regular tooth brushing.
  5. Flossing of teeth.
  6. Improve oral hygiene.

Glossitis Complications:

  1. Discomfort.
  2. Airway blockage.

Question 3. Difference between gastric/peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Answer:

Difference between gastric/peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer

Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal System Difference Between Gastric And Peptic Ulcer and Duodenal Ulcier

Question 4. Plummer-Vinson syndrome.

Answer:

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

It is characterized by dysphagia, iron deficiency anemia, dystrophy of nails, and glossitis.

Plummer-Vinson syndrome Clinical Features:

  1. Age – middle-aged women.
  2. Dysphagia.
  3. Angular chelitis.
  4. Spasms in throat.
  5. Sore throat.
  6. Smooth, red, and enlarged tongue.
  7. Pale and painful oral mucosa.
  8. Dry mouth.
  9. Spoon-shaped nails.

Plummer-Vinson syndrome Diagnosis:

  1. Atrophy of epithelium
  2. Atrophy of lamina propria.
  3. Atrophy of muscles.

Plummer-Vinson syndrome Treatment:

  1. Treat anaemia.
  2. Oesophageal dilatation.

Question 5. Acute gastritis.

Answer:

Acute gastritis

Gastritis refers to inflammation of the stomach.

Acute Gastritis:

Acute gastritis is usually erosive and hemorrhagic.

Acute Gastritis Causes:

  1. Aspirin and other NSAIDs.
  2. Antimitotic drugs.
  3. Renal failure.
  4. H. Pylori infection,
  5. Alcohol abuse
  6. Iron therapy.
  7. Stress
  8. Following burns.
    • Postoperative.

Acute Gastritis Clinical Features:

  1. Abdominal pain.
  2. Nausea and vomiting.
  3. Haematemesis.
  4. Anorexia.

Acute Gastritis Treatment:

  1. Avoid NSAIDs
  2. Avoid alcohol.
  3. Removal of causative agents.
  4. Misoprostol – 100 – 200 jig four times a day.
  5. Ranitidine – 10 mg twice daily.
  6. In mild cases, antacids 30 ml 4 – 6 hourly.

Question 6. Diarrhea.

Answer:

Diarrhea

It refers to frequent loose stools i.e., more than 3 loose stools in a day.

Diarrhea Types:

  1. Acute diarrhea – Rapid in onset.
  2. Chronic diarrhea – Insidious onset.

Diarrhea Causes:

  1. Infective diarrhea.
    • Viral – Norwalk and rotavirus.
    • Bacterial.
      • Staphylococcal.
      • Salmonella.
      • Cholera
      • E. Coli.
      • Clostridium.
    • Traveler’s diarrhea.
  2. Non-infective diarrhea.
    • Crohn’s disease.
    • Drugs – cholinergic, antacids, ampicillin.
    • Irritable bowel syndrome.
    • Foecal impaction.
    • Stress.
    • Consumption of fish, shellfish.

Diarrhea Clinical Features:

  1. Large number of loose watery stools.
  2. Rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes.
  3. Dehydration.
  4. Hypotension.
  5. Lower abdominal pain.
  6. Fever

Diarrhea Treatment:

  1. Rest.
  2. Oral rehydration solution administration.
  3. 4 fluid administration.
  4. Oxytetracycline – 500 mg after every 6 hours.
  5. Ciprofloxacin – 500 mg BID.
  6. Metronidazole – 400 mg TID.
  7. Antimotility agents – loperamide or codeine is used.

Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal System Gingival

Question 7. Constipation.

Answer:

Constipation

Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass.

Constipation Causes:

  1. Insufficient dietary fiber intake.
  2. Inadequate fluid intake.
  3. Decreased physical activity.
  4. Side effects of medication.
  5. Hypothyroidism.
  6. Obstruction by cancer.

Constipation Clinical Feature:

  1. Infrequent bowel movements.
  2. Difficulty during defecation.
  3. Sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.

Constipation Treatment:

  1. Removal of the causative agent.
  2. Changes in dietary habits.
  3. Uses of laxatives – milk of magnesia.
  4. Surgery
  5. Increased intake of water and fibers.

Constipation Prevention:

  1. Adequate exercise.
  2. Adequate fluid intake.
  3. High fiber diet.

Constipation Complication:

  1. Hemorrhoids
  2. Anal fissures
  3. Rectal prolapsed
  4. Fecal impaction.

Question 8. Oesophageal varices.

Answer:

Oesophageal varices

Oesophageal varices are extremely dilated submucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus.

Oesophageal varices Causes:

  1. Portal hypertension.
  2. Cirrhosis.
  3. Splenic vein thrombosis.

Oesophageal varices Symptoms:

  1. Vomiting of blood.
  2. Black tarry or bloody stools.
  3. Shock
  4. Signs of liver disease.
    • Jaundice
    • Spider nevi
    • Palmar erythema
    • Shrunken testicles
    • Swollen spleen.
    • Ascites.
  5. Treatment:
    1. Intravenous administration of blood and fluids.
    2. Endoscopy is done to identify the site of bleeding
    3. Sclerotherapy
    4. Surgery – to reduce pressure in varies.

Question 9. Hypersplenism.

Answer:

Hypersplenism

It is clinical condition in which spleen removes excessive quantities of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets from circulation.

Hypersplenism Clinical Features:

  1. Splenomegaly.
  2. The accelerated destruction of formed elements of blood.
  3. Pancytopenia.
  4. Infections.
  5. Easy disability.
  6. Increased bleeding tendencies.

Hypersplenism Diagnosis:

  1. Splenomegaly.
  2. Hypercellular bone marrow, a Reticulocytosis.
  3. Sequestration of radioactively labelled RBCs.

Hypersplenism Treatment:

  1. Removal of causative agent,
  2. Splenectomy.
  3. Blood transfusion.

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