Diseases Of Cardiovascular System Short Essays

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Diseases Of Cardiovascular System Important Notes

  1. Cyanosis
    • It is a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane
    • Types: central and peripheral
    • Causes:
      • Pulmonary – high altitude, pneumonia, pneumothorax, COPD, severe acute asthma
      • Cardiovascular causes – acute pulmonary edema, cyanotic heart disease
      • Blood disorders-methemoglobin
  2. CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
    • Rescues breathing in adult 12 times/min
    • Compression to ventilation ratio in two people is 5:1
    • Compression to ventilation ratio in one person is 15:2
    • Compression should be 60-80 minute in adults and 100/minute in children
    • Depth of compression should be 1 1/2 -2 inches at the lower half of the sternum at an average of each second
  3. Starling’s law
    • It states that an increase in the force of contraction is directly related to cardiac output
    • It states that the force of ventricular contraction is directly related to the end-diastolic volume
  4. Co pulmonale
    • It is an enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased resistance or high blood pressure in the lungs
    • It is a condition where there is right ventricular hypertrophy with or without failure resulting from diseases affecting the structure or function of the lungs.
  5. Rheumatic fever
    • It is an acute inflammatory disease that occurs as a sequel of infection caused by group A streptococci
    • Jone’s criteria is used for its features
    • Diagnostic features
      • Leucocytosis
      • Raised ESR
      • Raised CRP
      • Raised ASO titre
      • Cardiomegaly
  6. Jone’s criteria
    • Used for diagnosis of rheumatic fever
    • Major manifestations:
      • Carditis
      • Polyarthritis
      • Chorea
      • Erythema marginatum
      • Subcutaneous nodules over bones or tendons
    • Minor manifestations:
      • Fever
      • Arthralgia
      • Previous history of rheumatic fever
      • Raised ESR
      • Leucocytosis
      • First or second-degree AV block
  7. Mitral stenosis
    • Symptoms:
      • Breathlessness
      • Oedema, ascites
      • Palpitation
      • Hemoptysis
      • Cough
    • Signs:
      • Atrial fibrillation
      • Mitral facies
      • Auscultation
        • Loud first heart sound
        • Opening snap
        • Mid diastolic murmur
      • Pulmonary hypertension
      • Pulmonary edema
  8. Endocarditis prophylaxis
    • AJ STANDARD PROPHYLAXIS:
      • Amoxycillin
      • Dose= Adult-2 gm
      • Child- 50 mg 1 hour before surgery
    • BJ Patient unable to take orally:
      • Ampicillin
      • Dose: Adult – 2 gm IM/IV
      • Child- 50 mg 1 hour before surgery
    • CJ Patient allergic to penicillin
      • Clindamycin
      • dose: Adult – 600 mg
      • Child- 300 mg 1 hour before surgery
  9. Infective endocarditis
    • EtiologyDiseases Of Cardiovascular System Infective Endocarditis Etiology
    • Clinical features
      • Roth spots
      • Cerebral emboli
      • Petechial hemorrhages of skin and mucous membrane
      • Splinter hemorrhages and clubbing of nails
      • Osier’s nodes
      • Splenomegaly
      • Haematuria
      • Murmurs
      • Arrhythmias
      • Cardiac failure
  10. Myocardial infarction
    • Lab investigationsDiseases Of Cardiovascular System Myocardial Infraction Lab Investigation
  11. Heart soundsDiseases Of Cardiovascular System Heart Sounds Types
  12. Risk factors of atherosclerosis
    • Cigarette smoking
    • Hypertension
    • Low HDL cholesterol
    • Diabetes mellitus
    • Family history of CHD
    • Old age
    • Life style
      • Obesity
      • Physical inactivity
      • Atherogenic diet
  13. ECG wavesDiseases Of Cardiovascular System ECG Waves

Diseases Of Cardiovascular System Short Essays

Question 1. Risk factors of IHD

Answer:

Risk factors of IHD

  1. Age: Occurs in middle and old age
    • Sex: More common in males than in females
    • Family history – Hyperlipidaemia and hyperfibrinogenemia are genetically determined
  2. Smoking – Related to IHD
  3. Hypertension
    • Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of IHD
  4. Hypercholesterolaemia
    • HDL cholesterol is a protective
    • LDL cholesterol increases the risk of IHD
  5. Hyperfibrinogenaemia
    • Increases risk of IHD
  6. Hyperhomocysteinaemia
    • Elevated levels of homocysteine in blood may promote thrombosis
  7. Sedentary habits
    • Regular exercise for 20 min 2-3 times a week increases HDL cholesterol, lowers BP, reduces blood clotting, and promotes collateral formation
  8. Diabetes mellitus
    • Diabetes is associated with coronary atherosclerosis, obesity, and physical inactivity which further increases the risk of coronary heart disease
  9. Obesity
    • It is associated with hypertension, diabetes, physical inactivity
  10. Alcohol
    • A moderate quantity of alcohol has a protective effect, while heavy drinking is considered a risk factor
  11. Mental stress
    • It aggravates symptoms of pre-existing heart disease
  12. Diet
    • A deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids increases the risk of IHD
    • Low levels of vitamins A, C, and E increase the production of oxidized LDL

Read And Learn More: General Medicine Question and Answers

Question 2. Clinical features of acute rheumatic fever Jone’s criteria

Answer: Used for diagnosis of rheumatic fever

Major manifestations:

  • Carditis
  • Polyarthritis Chorea
  • Erythema marginatum
  • Subcutaneous nodules over bones or tendons

Minor manifestations:

  • Fever
  • Arthralgia
  • Previous history of rheumatic fever
  • Raised ESR
  • Leucocytosis
  • First or second-degree AV block

Question 3. Cyanosis.

Answer:

Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes is called cyanosis.

Sites involved:

  • Lips n Nail beds a Finger’s tip Ear lobule.
  • The undersurface of the tongue,
  • Malar eminences
  • Creases of plans.

Cyanosis Types of Causes:

  1. Central cyanosis.
    • Pulmonary causes.
      • High altitude
      • Pneumonia.
      • Pneumothorax
      • COPD
      • Severe acute asthma
      • Respiratory failure.
    • Cardiovascular causes.
      • Acute pulmonary edema
      • Cyanotic heart diseases
      • Corpulmonale,
    • Blood disorders,
      • Methemoglobin.
  2. Peripheral cyanosis,
    • Decreased cardiac output
    • Congestive cardiac failure
    • Cold exposure
    • Arterial obstruction
    • Venous obstruction.

Cyanosis Features:

  1. Peripheral cyanosis.
    • Occurs due to extraction of 02 from blood.
    • Occurs in healthy persons due to cold exposure.
    • Seen on lips, nails, tip of nose, ear lobule
  2. Central cyanosis.
    • Occurs due to poor oxygenation of blood in the lungs.
    • Seen on the undersurface of the tongue, mucous membrane of the oral cavity, and palate.
  3. Mixed cyanosis.
    • It is a combination of peripheral and central cyanosis.

Question 4. Right ventricular failure.

Answer:

Right ventricular failure

It is defined as heart failure due to right ventricular outflow or inflow tract obstruction leading to passive congestion of the viscera.

Right Ventricular Failure Causes:

  • Acute corpulmonale.
  • Chronic corpulmonale.
  • Pulmonary valve disease.
  • Tricuspid valve disease
  • Mitral valve disease
  • Isolated right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

Right Ventricular Failure Clinical Features:

  • Fatigue.
  • Dyspnoea.
  • Hypochondria pain.
  • Protuberant abdomen.
  • Swelling of leg.
  • Distended neck veins.
  • fender, soft, smooth hepatomegaly,
  • Pitting edema.
  • Ascites
  • Pleural edema.
  • Ascites
  • Pleural effusion.

Right Ventricular Failure Treatment:

  • Salt restriction
  • Diuretics
  • ACE inhibitors.

Question 5.Congenital cardiac disease.

Answer:

Congenital cardiac disease

Congenital heart disease may present in early childhood or remain asymptomatic till adult life.

Congenital Cardiac Disease Classification:

  1. Acyanotic.
    • Acyanotic with left to right shunt.
      • Atrial septal defect
      • Ventricular septal defect.
      • Patent ductus arteriosus.
    • Acyanotic without shunt.
      • Pulmonary stenosis.
      • Aortic stenosis.
      • Coarctation of aorta.
  2. Cyanotic.
    • Complete transposition of great vessels.
    • Persistent trances arteriosus.
    • Tetralogy of Fallot.
    • Common atrium.

Etiology:

  • Infections – rubella infection.
  • Chromosomal defects – Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome.
  • Connective tissue disorders
  • Alcohol abuse.
  • Teratogenic drugs.

Congenital Cardiac Disease Clinical Features:

  • Breathlessness.
  • Central cyanosis.
  • Clubbing.
  • Growth retardation.
  • Syncope.
  • Short stature.

Question 6. Tetralogy of Fallot.

Answer:

Tetralogy of Fallot Components:

  • Pulmonary stenosis.
  • Ventricular septal defect.
  • Over-riding of the aorta at the level of ventricular septal defect.
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy.

Pathogenesis:

Diseases Of Cardiovascular System Pathogenesis..

Tetralogy of Fallot Clinical Features:

  • Cyanosis – develops after 1 year of age.
  • Grade 4 dubbing of fingers and toes
  • Stunted growth.

Tetralogy of Fallot Diagnosis:

  • ECG – shows right ventricular hypertrophy.
  • The second heart -sound – shows delayed splitting.
  • Echocardiography – demonstrates aorta.
  • X-ray chest – Boot-shaped heart.

Diseases Of Cardiovascular System Tetralogy Of Fallot

Question 7. Angina pectoris — clinical features.

Answer:

Angina pectoris Clinical Features:

  • Common in 40 – 60-year-old males, n Retrosternal pain.
  • Pain radiates to the left arm or the right arm, throat, back, chin, and epigastrium.
  • It gets precipitated by exertion and relieved by rest.
  • The patient feels heaviness, pressure, squeezing, or choking sensation.
  • Nocturnal angina.

Question 8. Hypertensive encephalopathy.

Answer:

Hypertensive encephalopathy

It is a neurological symptom occurring due to high blood pressure.

Hypertensive encephalopathy Clinical Features:

  • Transient abnormalities in speech or vision.
  • Paraesthesia.
  • Disorientation
  • Fits.
  • Loss of consciousness.
  • Papilloedema.

Hypertensive encephalopathy Treatment:

  • Bed rest
  • Sedation
  • Intravenous sodium nitroprusside – 0.3 – 1 mcg/kg/min.
  • Diuretics.
  • Parenteral use of labetalol, hydralazine, or nitroglycerine.

Question 9. Complications and management of hypotension.

Answer:

Hypotension Complications:

  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Fainting,
  • Risk of accidents.
  • Deprive of oxygen to vital organs, n Damage to the brain and heart.

Hypotension Treatment:

  • Fluid administration – to treat dehydration,
  • Use of compression stockings.
  • Change body positions slowly,
  • Increase salt intake.
  • Fludrocortisone is used.

Question 10. Beta-blockers.

Answer:

Beta-blockers

Bela blockers are drugs that block the actions of catecholamines mediated through beta receptors.

Beta-blockers Classification:

  1. Non-selective.
    • Propranolol, timolol, satalol.
  2. Cardio-selective.
    • Metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol, betaxolol.
  3. Partial agonists.
    • Pindolol, oxprenolol, carteolol.
  4. With additional alpha-blocking properties.
    • Labetalol, carvedilol.
  5. β1 blockers β2 agonist.
    • Celiprolol.

Beta-blockers Uses:

  • Hypertension.
  • Angina pectoris,
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Myocardial infarction.
  • Congestive cardiac failure,
  • Obstructive cardiomyopathy,
  • Pheochromocytoma.
  • Thyrotoxicosis.
  • Glaucoma.
  • Prophylaxis of migraine.
  • Anxiety.

Beta-blockers Adverse Reactions:

  • Bradycardia.
  • Precipitates CCF and acute pulmonary edema,
  • Cold extremities.
  • Precipitates asthma.
  • Insomnia, depression, hallucination, fatigue.
  • Weakness, dizziness. a Rebound hypertension.

Question 11. Digoxin.

Answer:

Digoxin

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside.

Digoxin Uses:

  • Congestive cardiac failure.
  • Cardiac arrhythmia.
  • B Atrial fibrillation
  • Atrial flutter
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

Digoxin Adverse Effects:

  • Inhibits Na+/K+ – ATPase.
  • Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
  • Directly stimulates chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)
  • Weakness.
  • Confusion, hallucination.
  • Blurred vision.
  • Gynaecomastia.
  • Cardiac toxicity.

Digoxin Contraindications:

  • Hypokalemia.
  • Myocardial infarction.
  • Thyrotoxicosis.
  • Acid-base imbalance.

Question 12. Anti-platelet drugs.

Answer:

Anti-platelet drugs

Antiplatelet drugs are drugs that interfere with platelet function.

Anti-platelet drugs Classification:

  1. PG synthesis inhibitor – Aspirin.
  2. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor – dipyridamol.
  3. ADP antagonists – ticlopidine, clopidogrel.
  4. Glycoprotein 2b/3a receptors antagonist – Abciximab.
  5. Others – PGI2.

Anti-platelet drugs Uses:

  • Myocardial infarction.
  • Unstable angina.
  • In patients with prosthetic heart valves, valvular hediseaseaand and se, coronary artery-bypass surgery.
  • Cerebral thrombosis.
  • Atrial fibrillation.

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