Planning Survey And Evaluation Definitions
Planning
- Planning is a systemic approach to defining the problem, setting priorities, developing specific goals & objectives & determining alternative strategies & methods of implementation.
Survey
- It is a non-experimental type of research that attempts to gather information about the status quo for a large number of cases by describing present conditions without directly analyzing their causes
Evaluation
- Evaluation measures the degree to which objectives & targets are fulfilled & the quality of the results obtained
Planning Survey And Evaluation Important Notes
1. Types of survey
2. Pathfinder survey
- It was put forth by WHO
- In this survey, 0.1%-1% of the population is assessed by 4 specific groups of different ages
- Age groups:
Planning Survey And Evaluation Long Essays
Question 1. Define survey. How do you conduct an oral health survey of a town having a 3 lac population?
Answer:
Definition Of Survey:
- It is a non-experimental type of research that attempts to gather information about the status quo for a large number of cases by describing present conditions without directly analyzing their causes
Steps
- Establishing the objectives
- The objective must be clear before the start of the study
- It can be stated in the form of a null hypothesis or by describing what is to be measured
- Designing the investigation
- Protocol: it should contain
- Main objective & purpose of the survey
- Type of the study to be used- descriptive or analytic
- Type of information to be collected & methods to be used- case-control or cohort
- Sampling method used
- Personnel & physical arrangement
- Statistical methods to be used
- Budget
- Schedule of the activities
- Selection of control group or cohort
- Protocol: it should contain
- Selecting the sample
- It is done as it is impossible to study every individual in the study population
- Along with it, it saves resources in terms of time, money & manpower
- Sample i.e. reference population is selected using any of the sampling methods
- Conducting the examination
- Organize the survey as follows
- Prior to the examination obtain approval from the authorities
- The budget is made according to the resources required
- Schedule the program as the time required for oral examination
- Prepare a list of emergency care & referral services
- The diagnostic method used should be valid & reliable
- Organize the personnel such as clerks to manage the patients
- Instruments & supplies needed
- Plain mouth mirror- 30/ examiner
- Periodontal probe-30/examiner
- Several pair of tweezer
- Container & concentrated sterilizing solution
- A wash basin
- Cloth/ paper hand towels
- Gauze
- Infection control
- Including the use of protective barriers, sterilization, waste disposal
- Examination area- includes
- An adjustable chair
- A source of illumination
- A recorder to receive information from the examiner
- Precautions
- Minimize the number of examiners
- Use of a similar design to the explorer
- Minimum divergences of opinion
- Discuss the interpretation of borderline cases
- Circulate rules among examiners
- Supervises should recheck an occasional case
- Analyzing the data
- The data is analyzed manually or mechanically
- Tabulation & graphical presentation is done for an easy conclusion
- Drawing the conclusion
- It is related to the investigation
- No exploration of the population as a whole is made
- Publishing the report
- It should be clear & simple
- It should contain
- Purpose of the survey
- Materials & methods used
- Diagrammatic presentation of the result
- Discussion & conclusion
- Summary/abstract
Question 2. What do you mean by planning? Write about the stages of planning
Answer:
Definition Of Planning:
- Planning is a systemic approach to defining the problem, setting priorities, developing specific goals & objectives & determining alternative strategies & methods of implementation.
Steps:
Identify The Problem:
- It includes
Determining Priorities:
- A health advisory committee is established for it
- Priorities are determine
- To allow the most efficient allocation of resources
- For ranking solutions to the problem
- Factors considered are
- Severity of disease
- Who needs care most
- Percentage of people affected
- High-risk group
Development of Program Goals, Objectives & Activities:
- Goal: it is defined as the ultimate desired state towards which objectives & resources are directed
- Objective: it should be precise
- It should specify
- Nature of situation/ condition
- The extent of the situation/ condition
- Desired population
- Desired geographic area
- Desired time of the situation is intended to exist
- Types: outcome & process
- Activities include
- What is going to be done
- Who will be doing it
- When will it be done
Resources Identification:
- Resources should be
- Appropriate
- Adequate
- Effective
- Efficient
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Identifying Constraints:
- Constraints that commonly occur are
- Lack of funding
- Lack of inadequate facilities
- Lack of time
- Inadequate transport
- Labor shortage
- Negative community attitudes
Identify Alternative Strategies:
- To overcome the existing constraints & available resources
Develop Implementation Strategies:
- Includes
- Why? – objective of the study
- What?- activities required
- Who?- Individuals responsible
- When?- Sequence of activities
- How?- Materials & method use
- How much?- Cost & time spent
Implementation:
- It is the process of putting the plan into operation
- It involves individuals, organizations & the community
Monitoring, Evaluating & Revising The Program:
- Monitoring refers to the maintenance of an ongoing watch over the activities of a health service
- It is the basis for the continual modification of goals, plans, or activities
- The program requires continuous surveillance of all activities
Planning Survey And Evaluation Short Essays
Question 1. Calibration of examiners in surveys.
Answer:
Objectives
- To ensure uniform interpretation, understanding & application by all examiners of the codes & criteria for various diseases and conditions to be observed
- To ensure that each examiner can examine consistently
Features:
- To measure intra-examiner variability each examiner should carry out reproducibility
- One of many examiners must be carefully standardized
- To measure inter-examiner variability examiner should undergo a training & calibration exercise
Precautions:
- Minimize the number of examiners
- Use of a similar design to the explorer
- Minimum divergences of opinion
- Discuss the interpretation of borderline cases
- Circulate rules among examiners
- Supervises should recheck an occasional case
Question 2. Importance of pilot survey/ Pilot survey.
Answer:
Importance of pilot survey
- The pilot survey includes only the most important subgroups in the population
- Provide the minimum amount of data needed for planning
- Includes only one or two index ages out of which one is 12 years
- Additional data should then be collected for the implementation & monitoring of services
Question 3. Evaluation.
Answer:
Definition:
- Evaluation measures the degree to which objectives & targets are fulfilled & the quality of the results obtained
- It measures the productivity of available resources in achieving clearly defined objectives
- It measures how much output or cost-effectiveness is achieved
- It makes possible the reallocation of priorities & of resources on the basis of changing health needs- WHO
Purpose:
- Determine the value of the program
- Provide information for decision making
- Measure the effect
- Modification can be done
- Measure the progress of each activity
Criteria:
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency
- Appropriateness
- Adequacy
Types:
- Formative
- It refers to the internal evaluation of a program
- It is an examination of the process/ activities of a program as they are taking place
- It aids in the development of a program in its early phases
- It concerns whether various components of a program are workable or whether changes should be made
- Summative
- It judges the worth of a program
- It is aimed at program decision-makers
Elements:
- Relevance
- Adequacy
- Accessibility
- Acceptability
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency
- Impact
Steps:
- Determine what is to be evaluated
- Establishment of standard criteria
- Planning of methodology
- Gathering information
- Analysis of results
- Taking action
- Revaluation
Planning Survey And Evaluation Short Question And Answers
Question 1. Evaluation.
Answer:
Evaluation Definition:
- Evaluation measures the degree to which objectives & targets are fulfilled & the quality of the results obtained
- It measures the productivity of available resources in achieving clearly defined objectives
- It measures how much output or cost-effectiveness is achieved
- It makes possible the reallocation of priorities & of resources based on changing health needs- WHO
Purpose:
- Determine the value of the program
- Provide information for decision-making
- Measure the effect
- Modification can be done
- Measure the progress of each activity
Criteria:
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency
- Appropriateness
- Adequacy
Types:
- Formative
- Summative
Question 2. Plan.
Answer:
- A plan is a decision about a course of action
Question 3. Pathfinder survey.
Answer:
Pathfinder survey
- It is a stratified cluster sampling technique that aims to include the most important population subgroups likely to have differing disease levels
- It is a practical & economical method
- It provides the following information
- Prevalence of oral diseases
- The severity of oral diseases
- Need for treatment
- Progression of oral diseases
Classification:
- Pilot survey
- National pathfinder survey
Question 4. Formative evaluation.
Answer:
Formative evaluation
- It refers to the internal evaluation of a program
- It is an examination of the process/ activities of a program as they are taking place
- It aids in the development of a program in its early phases
- It concerns whether various components of a program are workable or whether changes should be made
Question 5. Uses of the survey.
Answer:
Monitoring Trends In Oral Health & Disease:
- When surveys are repeated over time it give information about how oral health varies by geographic area, social class, race, or ethnic group
Policy Development:
- A survey can be used to establish oral health strategies & develop an oral health policy
Program Evaluation
- Survey data are often used to evaluate program
- However, inferences in a survey need to be made with caution
Assessment Of Dental Needs
- The survey can be used for the assessment of needs with differences in criteria used in the survey & for an individual patient care
Provide Visibility To Dental Issues From A
National Survey:
Question 6. Summative evaluation
Answer:
Summative evaluation
- It judges the worth of a program
- It is aimed at program decision-makers
- It provides information on program effectiveness
- Conducted after the completion of the program design
Uses:
- To help decide whether to continue or end a program
- To help determine whether a program should be expanded to other locations
Planning, Survey, And EvaluatioN Viva Voce
- The analytical survey is conducted to assess the determinants of the diseases
- The Pathfinder survey employs a stratified cluster sampling technique
- 15 The age group is considered an global age index age to monitor oral health
- 15 years index age is important to assess periodontal disease indicators in adolescent
- 35-44 years index group is used to assess the full effect of dental caries and the severity of periodontal involvement
- 25-50 subjects in each index age group are to be examined in the Pathfinder survey
- Calibration is done to ensure uniform interpretation of codes and criteria for various diseases and conditions
- 5-10 minutes are taken for a basic oral health examination of the child
- 15-20 minutes is taken for a basic oral health examination of adults
- The validator in a survey is an experienced epidemiologist
- The recording clerk is instructed to record data on the assessment form in a survey
- The pilot survey includes the most important subgroups and one or more index ages
- Children are examined at 5 years of age in the Pathfinder survey to estimate the level of dental caries in primary dentition