Smoking And Periodontal Diseases Short Essays
Question 1. Smoking and Periodontal diseases.
Answer:
Effects On Micro-Organisms:
- No effect on plaque accumulation
- Increased colonization in shallow pockets
- Increased pathogens in deep pockets
- Increased levels of B-forsythias, A.a. contains and P.gingivalis
Cytological Effects:
- Altered neutrophil mechanism
- Increased TNF-a and PGE2
- Reduced IgG2
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- Altered fibroblastic activity
- Suppresses osteoblastic activity
- Altered repair and regeneration
Effects On Gingiva:
- Decreased gingivitis
- Decreased bleeding on probing
- Decreased GCF flow
- Decreased sub-gingival temperature
Effects On Periodontitis:
- Increased disease severity
- Increased pocket depth
- Attachment loss
- Bone loss
- Tooth loss
Effect On Treatment:
- Increased time to recover from anesthesia
- Reduced post-operative gain of attachment pocket depth
- Reduced post-treatment response
- Requires frequent re-treatment
- Increased refractory disease