Respiratory Diseases Short Essays

Diseases Of The Respiratory System Short Essays

Question 1. Complications of pneumonia

Answer:

Complications of pneumonia

Question 2. Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis

Answer:

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Principles

• To administer multiple drugs
• To add atleast 2 new drugs in case of failure
• To provide safest and most effective therapy shortest period of time
• To ensure compliance to treatment

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Drugs

• Anti-tubercular drugs that are used for treating it are as follows:
• Four or three drugs are choosen from the drugs meant for first-line treatment for new cases
• Response to treatment is assessed by
  • Gain in body weight
  • Improved appetite
  • Improvement in general health – Fall in ESR
  • Conversion of sputum from positive to negative
• Primary or secondary resistance to drugs may develop when patient consume the drugs in irregular dose or take the drugs irregularly
• In such cases, second-line drugs are used
• Drugs:
  • PAS (Paraminosalicyclic acid) – 5 g BID orally
  • Ethionamide – 0.75 -1 g/day orally
  • Capromycin – 0.75-1 g IM daily
  • Cycloserine – 0.75-1 g/ day orally
  • Ciprofloxacin – 500-750 mg BID orally
  • Ofloxacin – 400 mg BID

Question 3. Four causes of clubbing

Answer:

Clubbing:

• It is enlargement of distal segment of fingers and toes due to increase in soft tissues

Clubbing Causes:

1. Disorders of heart
   • Cyanotic heart disease
   • Subacute bacterial endocarditis
2. Disorders of lung
   • Suppuration of lung
     • Bronchiectasis
     • Lung abscess
     • Suppurative pneumonia
   • Tumours of lung
     • Mesothelioma
     • Primary lung cancer
     • Metastatic lung cancer
3. Disorder of GI tract and liver
   • Inflammatory bowel disease
     • Regional ileitis
     • Ulcerative colitis
     • Malabsorption syndrome
   • Cirrhosis of liver
   • Malignancy of liver
4. Hereditary or idiopathic

Read And Learn More: General Medicine Question and Answers

Question 4. Mantouxtest
(or)
Tuberculin test

Answer:

Mantouxtest

• It is routinely used method for tuberculin testing

Method:

• 0.1 ml of purified protein derivative, PPD containing 5 TU( tuberculin unit) is injected intradermally into flexor ascept of forearm
• It is given between layers of the skin
• The site is examined after 48-72 hours for induration

Result:

Significance:

Question 5. Lung abscess

Answer:

Lung abscess

• It is collection of purulent material in a localised necrotic area of lung parenchyma

Etiopathogenesis:

1. Infection without obstruction
   • Aspiration of nasopharyngeal contents
   • Involvement of various organisms like staphylococcus, Kleibsella, gram negative and anaerobic organisms
   • Formation of abscess
   • Metastatic spread of infection
2. Obstruction with or without infection
   • Bronchus obstruction due to tumor, foreign body, lymph node
   • Bronchial collapse
   • Abscess formation

Lung Abscess Clinical Features:

• High-grade fever with chills and rigors
• Pleuritic chest pain
• Dry cough
• Presence of copious purulent discharge
• Haemoptysis
• Weight loss, anorexia
• Empysema

Question 6. Dyspnoea

Answer:

Definition:

• It is abnormal and uncomfortable breathing which makes the patient aware of it

Etiology:

1. Cardiac causes
   • Cyanotic congenital heart disease
   • Left ventricular failure
   • Systemic hypertension
   • Chronic thromboembolism
2. Pulmonary
   • Obstructive diseases
     • Bronchial asthma
     • Bronchiectasis
     • COPD
   • Parenchymal lung diseases
     • Acute pneumonia
   • Pulmonary vascular diseases
     • Thromboembolism
   • Respiratory muscle diseases
     • Severe kyphoscoliosis
3. Cardiopulmonary’causes
   • Corpulmonale
4. Others
   • Metabolic acidosis
   • Carbon monoxide poisoning
   • Severe anaemia

Dyspnoea Types:

Question 7. Bronchodilators

Answer:

Bronchodilators:

• Various bronchodilators are

1. Sympathomimetics
   • Adrenaline
   • Ephedrine
   • lsoprenaline
   • Salbutamol
   • Terbutaline
2. Methylxanthines
   • Theophylline
   • Aminophylline
3. Anticholinergics
   • Atropine
   • Methonitrate
   • Ipratropium bromide

Bronchodilators Actions:

• Improves effectiveness of cough in clearing secretions by increasing surface velocity of airflow during cough

Question 8. Clinical signs of emphysema

Answer:

Clinical signs of emphysema

• Emphysema means inflation or distension with air

EmphysemaTypes:

Question 10. Haematemesis- causes and investigations

Answer:

Haematemesis Definition:

• It is vomiting of blood

Haematemesis Causes:

• Prolonged and vigorous retching
• Irritation or erosion of the lining of the esophagus or stomach
• Bleeding ulcer located in the stomach, duodenum, or oesophagus
• Vomiting of ingested blood
• Vascular malfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract
• Tumours of the stomach or oesophagus
• Radiation poisoning
• Gastroenteritis
• Gastritis
• Peptic ulcer

Haematemesis Management:

1. Minimal blood loss
   • Administration of proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole
   • Blood transfusion
2. Significant blood loss
   • Resuscitation
   • Fluid and/or blood administration
   • Use of a cuffed endotracheal tube

Question 11. Aspiration pneumonia

Answer:

• It is the consolidation of the lung in which there is the continued destruction of parenchyma by the inflammatory cells leading to the formation of microabscesses

Aspiration Pneumonia Clinical Features:

• High intermittent fever
• Cough
• Dyspnoea
• Tachycardia
• Restlessness
• Perspiration
• Weight loss
• Digital clubbing

Aspiration Pneumonia Compiicatons:

• Empyema
• Bronchiectasis
• Amyloidosis
• Pulmonary fibrosis
• Septicaemia

Aspiration Pneumonia Treatment:

• Oral amoxicillin 500 mg 8 hourly or
• Cotrimoxazole 9960 mg 12 hourly or
• Oral metronidazole 400 mg 8 hourly
• Analgesic for pleuritic pain
• Physiotherapy
• Postural drainage for lung abscess

Question 12. BCG vaccination

Answer:

BCG vaccination

• BCG vaccine was prepared by Calmette and Guerin
• It is a live attenuated and freeze-dried vaccine

BCG vaccination Dose and Administration:

• It is available as a fresh liquid vaccine or in the form of freeze-dried vaccine
• It is given intradermally in a dose of 0.1 ml soon after birth

BCG vaccination Immune Response:

• Induces a self-limited infection with multiplication and dissemination of the bacillus in different organs and production of small tubercles
• It gives rise to delayed hypersensitivity

BCG vaccination Complications:

• Local abscess, indolent ulcer, keloid, confluent lesion, lupoid lesion
• Regional enlargement and suppuration of draining lymph nodes
• Systemic fever, mediastinal adenitis
• Erythema nodosum

BCG vaccination Contraindications:

• In patients with AIDS, eczema, pertussis, measles, and patient on steroids

Role of BCG:

• Makes the disease milder
• Prevents serious forms of disease