Halitosis Treatment Question and Answers

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Oral Malodor

Definitions

1. Halitosis Definition: Unpleasant odor exhaled in breathing

Oral Malodor Important Notes

1. Bana test

  • It is a chairside test
  • It exploits unusual trypsin enzymes found in Treponema denticola, P.gingivalis, and Bacteroides
    Forsyth

Bana Test Procedure:

  • Subgingival plaque is obtained with a curette
  • The samples are placed on the BANA strip, which is then inserted into a slot on a small toaster-sized incubator
  • The incubator automatically heats the sample to 55 degrees for 5 minutes
  • If P.gingivalis, T.denticola, and B.forsythus is present the test strip turns blue
  • The bluer it turns, the higher the concentration and greater the number of organisms

2. A trained judge sniffs the expired air and tests whether it is unpleasant or not using an intensity rating normally from 0 to 5

Oral Malodor Whether it is unpleasant or unpleasant or not using an intensity rating normally from 0 to 5

Oral Malodor Short Essays

Question 1. Diagnosis of halitosis.
Answer:

Halitosis Diagnosis:

1. Medical history:

  • Evaluates the cause
  • The patient is asked about
    • Relevant pathologies
    • Frequency
    • Time of appearance
    • A time when the problem first appeared
    • Presence of contributing factors like dry mouth, allergies
    • Medications taken

2. Clinical examination:

  • Self-examination is done by
    • Smelling metallic/plastic spoon after scraping the back of the tongue
    • Smelling toothpick after introducing it in the inter-dental area
    • Spitting in a small cup

3. Measurement approach:

  • Subjective organoleptic approach:
    • The subject is instructed not to eat, chew, rinse, or smoke before 2 hours
    • Trained clinician sniffs the expired air and rates it from 0-5
    • 0- No odor present
    • 1- Barely noticeable odor
    • 2-Slight but clearly noticeable odor
    • 3-Moderate odor
    • 4- Strong offensive odor
    • 5- Extremely foul odor
  • Gas chromatography:
    • Consists of a monitor which measures levels of Hydrogen Sulphide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide and displays in the form of a graph
  • Halimeter:
    • Measures sulfide levels in healthy persons
  • BANA test:
    • BANA – Benzoyl-d, L-arginine-naphthylamide
    • Bacteria like P-gingivalis, T denticola, and B- forsythias degrade the BANA compound
    • This changes its color
    • Thus, used to measure bad breath
  • Chemiluminescence:
    • Step Mixing of the sulfur compound and mercury compound
    • Resultant product results in fluorescence

Question 2. Halitosis.
Answer:

Halitosis Definition:

  • Unpleasant odor exhaled in breathing

Read And Learn More: Periodontics Question and Answers

Halitosis Classification:

  • Physiologic
  • Pathologic
  • Oral
  • Extraoral

Halitosis Causes:

1. Physiologic:

  • Mouth breathing
  • Medication
  • Fasting
  • Aging
  • Tobacco
  • Food

2. Pathologic:

  • Periodontal infection
  • Tongue coating
  • Stomatitis, Xerostomia
  • Faulty restoration
  • Unclean denture
  • Ulcers, Abscess
  • Systemic diseases

Halitosis Pathogenesis:

Microbial putrefaction
↓
Proteolysis of protein
↓
Rises to volatile sulfur compounds

Halitosis Diagnosis:

  • Clinical examination
  • Subjective organoleptic
  • Halimeters
  • BANA test
  • Chemiluminescence
  • Gas chromatography

Halitosis Treatment:

  • Scaling
  • Irrigation
  • Tongue brushing
  • Use of mouth rinse

Recent: use of Halita

Oral Malodor Short Answers

Question 1. Halimeter.
Answer:

  • It is an electronic device that analyzes the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan
  • Mouth air is aspirated by inserting a drinking straw fixed on the flexible tube of the instrumental
  • Straw is kept about 2 cm behind the lips while the per- son keeps the mouth slightly open and breathes through the nose
  • It uses a voltammetric sensor that generates a signal when exposed to sulfur-containing gases

Halimeter Result:

  • 150 ppb or lower-indicates absence of oral malodor
  • 300-400 ppb- Indicates elevated concentration of volatile sulfur compounds

Halimeter Advantages:

  • Easy to use
  • Inexpensive
  • Less embarrassing for patients

Halimeter Disadvantages:

  • Lack specificity
  • Detects only sulfur compounds
  • Used only for intraoral causes

Question 2. BANA test.
Answer:

  • BANA – Benzoyl-d, L-arginine-naphthylamide
  • Bacteria like P-gingivalis, T denticola, and B-forsythias degrade the BANA compound
  • This changes its color
  • Thus, used to measure bad breath

Question 3. Halita.
Answer:

  • Used for treatment of Halitosis

Halita Composition:

  • 0.05% Chlorhexidine
  • 0.05% Cetyl Pyridium chloride
  • 0.14% zinc lactate

Halita Mechanism:

  • Bonding of zinc ion with twice negatively charged sulfur radicals
  • Results in a reduction in the expression of volatile sulfur compounds
  • Halita also has antimicrobial action

Question 4. Causes of halitosis
Answer:

Physiologic

  • Mouth breathing
  • Medication
  • Fasting
  • Aging
  • Tobacco
  • Food

Pathologic

  • Periodontal infection
  • Tongue coating
  • Stomatitis, Xerostomia
  • Faulty restoration
  • Unclean denture
  • Ulcers, Abscess
  • Systemic diseases

Oral Malodor Viva Voce

  1. Organoleptic assessment by a trained judge is the gold standard in the examination of breath malodor
  2. 0.05% chlorhexidine is used in halitosis
  3. Mouth spray reduces oral malodor by means of masking the oral malodor
  4. Skatole has the highest volatility

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