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NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 6 Reproduction In Animals Long Answer Questions

Question 1. How can we say that fish exhibit external fertilisation?
Answer:

Female fish lay eggs in water while male fish release sperm in water. Sperm swim and reach the eggs of fish randomly due to water currents. When a sperm comes in contact with the viable egg, nuclei of both cells fuse to form a zygote. This process of fertilisation takes place in water outside the female body, hence, fertilisation is external in fishes.

Question 2. Hens and frogs are both oviparous, exhibiting different types of fertilisation, explain.
Answer:

Hens lay eggs after fertilisation, therefore their eggs are covered with a hard shell to protect the young ones. This shows that fertilisation in a hen is internal. The frogs on the hand lay both sperm and eggs in winter water before fertilisation. Thus, the fertilisation in frogs takes place in water, hence it is external.

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 6 Reproduction in Animals LAQs

Question 3. The picture shows the basic parts of a salmon fish 
Answer:

Part ‘Z’, which represents the tail of the sperm, helps it to swim in water and reach the egg.

Which part of the sperm helps it to swim in water and reach the egg?
Answer:

Organ B is identified as the ovary

Question 4. Observe the diagram and answer the following questions

Answer: 1. Fallopian tube or oviduct.

1. Identify the organ B.

2. Whore does fertilisation occur In tho above diagram?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

NCERT Solutions for Reproduction in Animals Chapter 6

Question 5. Observe the following figures.
Answer:

1. The figures showing stages during the development of the embryo are identified as

1. Identify the stages 1 to 4 in the figure during the development of the human baby.
Answer:

1. Embedding of the embryo in the uterus (implantation)

2. Arrange the stages in the correct sequence of development.
Answer: 2. Fertilisation (fusion of egg and sperm)

Reproduction in Animals Chapter 6 LAQs Class 8 NCERT

3. Explain the development that takes place in any one stage.
Answer:

3. Zygote formation and development of an embryo from the zygote.

The embryo, after being implanted in the uterus, continues to develop and differentiate into body parts. This stage of the embryo is termed as foetus. After the foetus is completely developed, the mother gives birth to the baby.

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 6 Reproduction In Animals Short Answer Questions

Question 1. How is reproduction in Hydra different from that in Amoeba?
Answer:

Both Hydra and Amoeba reproduce asexually, involving only, single parent, but the modes are different. As Hydra reproduces from bulges or buds arising from the parent body that grows and matures into another organism, Amoeba reproduces by forming two daughter cells by division of both nucleus and cytoplasm through binary fission.

Question 2. Why do fish and frogs lay eggs in hundreds, whereas a hen lays only one egg at a time?
Answer:

Fish and frog lay eggs in hundreds in number whereas a hen lays only one egg at a time because fish and frog undergo external fertilisation, and a hen undergoes internal fertilisation.

In the case of fish and frogs, the gametes are released in water, and many of them may be carried away by the movement of water, wind, etc., or may be eaten by other aquatic animals. So, to enhance the chances of fertilisation, a large number of eggs are released by them.

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 6 Reproduction in Animals SAQs

Question 3. Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms.
Answer:

Reproduction helps in the production of new individuals of the same kind and the transmission of certain characteristics from parents to offspring.

Question 4. Describe the process of fertilisation in human beings.
Answer:

In human beings, fertilisation takes place inside the female body.

It is the fusion of a male and female gamete, i.e., sperm and an ovum. It is the first stage in the process of reproduction.

During fertilisation, the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse to form a single nucleus. This results in the formation of a fertilised egg or zygote.

Question 5. Choose the most appropriate answer.

1. Internal fertilisation occurs
2. In the female body
3. Outside female body
4. In the male body
5. Outside the male body

Answer: 1. Internal fertilisation occurs in the female body

Question 6. A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of

1. Fertilisation
2. Metamorphosis
3. Embedding
4. Budding

Answer: The process of development of a tadpole into an adult frog is known as metamorphosis.

NCERT Solutions for Reproduction in Animals Chapter 6

Question 7. The number of nuclei present in a zygote is

1. None
2. One
3. Two
4. Four

Answer:

In a zygote, only one nucleus is present, which is formed by the fusion of two nuclei, one from each parent.

Question 8. Give two differences between a zygote and a foetus.
Answer:

The Difference between a zygote and a foetus is as follows

Question 9. In which female reproductive organ does the embryo get embedded?
Answer:

An Embryo gets embedded in the uterus of a female for further development.

SAQs for Reproduction in Animals Chapter 6 Class 8

Question 10. Differentiate between internal fertilisation and external fertilisation.
Answer:

The differences between internal fertilisation and external fertilisation are as follows-

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 6 Reproduction In Animals Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Arrange the following stages of development development of human body development in the correct sequence. (Or) Pootim, Zygote and Embryo.
Answer: Zygote, embryo, and foetus.

Question 2. A follicle develops outside the body. What’s It?
Answer:

The process of fertilization that takes place outside the body of the female is called external fertilization.

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 6 Reproduction in Animals VSAQs

Question 3. Stages in the life cycle of the silkworm are given below. Write thorn In soquontlnl order. Pupn, Egg, Sllkmoth, Cntcrplllnr
Answer:

The stages in the life cycle silkworm occur in the following sequence

Hgg→ Caterpillar→Pupa →Silkmoth

The drastic change in the structure from caterpillar to silkmoth is called metamorphosis.

Question 4. The eggs of frogs do not have shells for protection, yet they are safe in water. how?
Answer: Prog’s eggs are without any external covering or shell, but a layer of jelly-like coal holds the eggs together, thus providing them protection.

Question 5. Give the name of the organism and the mode of reproduction represented in the given diagram

Answer:

The name of the organism is Hydra, and the mode of reproduction is asexual (budding).

NCERT Solutions for Reproduction in Animals Chapter 6

Question 6. Does sperm appear to be a single cell?
Answer: Each sperm is a single cell with all the usual components.

Question 7. What purpose does the tail in a sperm serve? 
Answer: The tail in sperm provides mobility to it and helps it to reach the female gamete, i.e., ovum, for fusion.

Question 8. Label A and B.
Answer: 1. A -sperm. B-ovum (egg).

Question 9. Identify the process.
Answer: The process is fertilisation.

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 13 Light LAQs

Question 1. How is the phenomenon of reflection used in making a kaleidoscope? What are the applications of a kaleidoscope?

Answer: A Kaleidoscope is a cylinder with three mirrors containing loose, coloured objects such as beads or pebbles and bits of glass. As the viewer looks into one end, light entering the other creates a colourful pattern due to reflection. Its applications are given below

It works on the principle of multiple reflection, where several mirrors are placed at an angle (usually 60°) to one another. Typically, these are three rectangular mirrors set at 60° to each other, so that they form an equilateral triangle.

The 60° angle creates seven duplicate images of the objects, 5 at 60° and 2 at 90°. As the tube is rotated, the tumbling of the coloured objects presents varying colours and patterns.

It is used in decoration purposes, attractive toys, etc

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 13 Light LAQs

Question 2. Write down the names of parts of the eye in the blank spaces shown in figure.

Answer:

1. Ciliary muscles
2.  Iris
3. Lens
4. Cornea
5. Retina
6. Optic nerves

Question 3. Explain the reason for the following statement “we usually take sometime to see the objects in a dim light room, when we enter into the room from bright sunlight outside”.

Answer: Since, when we are in the bright sunlight at that moment iris causes the pupil to become smaller, so that a little amount of light can enter the eye. Moreover, the rods of retina are also made to get adjusted in the same manner. And when a person enters into dim light room, then iris takes sometime to increase the pupil diameter, due to which large amount of light enters the eye, so that’s why when we enter into the room from bright sunlight outside, then we usually take sometime to see the objects in a dim room.

Question 4. The picture shows a light ray from a candle falling on a mirror. P, Q, R, S and Tare five points behind the mirror.

Answer the following questions based on the above information.

1. Which arrow represents the light ray reflected by the mirror?

1. Arrow 1
2. Arrow 2
3. Arrow 3
4. Arrow 4
5. At which point, will the image of the candle form? Will the image be erect or inverted ?
6. Which of these statements is true for reflection of light rays? Choose ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ for the correct response

Answer:

1. Arrow 2 is normal to the mirror. Hence, by measuring angle between incident ray and arrow 2, the reflected ray will be arrow 3. Option (3) is correct.
2. At which point, will the image of the candle form? Will the image be erect or inverted?
3. Extend the arrow 3 behind the mirror. It will meet to Q. Hence, image will be formed at Q. Plane mirror always forms the image in the same orientation as the object. Since, the object is erect, hence the image will also be erect.
4. Which of these statements is true for reflection of light rays? Choose ’Yes’ or ‘No’ for the correct response.

Answer: (1) No, (2) Yes, (3) Yes.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 13 Light

Question 5. The diagram shows how on object h seen through n periscope, x nnd y oro two angles on tho path of the light ray.

1). Which condition is required for the periscope to work properly?

Answer:  (1) Yes (2) No (3) Yes

Question 6 How many times is a light ray is reflected in the periscope?

1. Once
2. Twice
3. Thrice
4. Four time

Answer: 2. Twice

Light LAQs Class 8 NCERT Solutions

Question 3. Reema has a multi-coloured disc. She finds that the disc appears white when she spins it rapidly.

 1.What can be concluded from the picture?

1. All discs are multi-coloured
2. All spinning objects appear white
3. Objects lose its colour on spinning
4. White is a mixture ofseven different colours

Answer: 4. White is a mixture ofseven different colours

2. Splitting of white light into seven colours is called

1. Spectrum
2. Rainbow
3. Dispersion
4. Repulsion

Answer: 3. Dispersion

3. White light is made up of

1. 1 colour
2. 3 colours
3. 5 colours
4. 7 colours

Answer: 4. 7 colours

Class 8 Chapter 13 Light Long Answer Questions

4. The band of seven colours that constitute white light is called as

1. Rainbow
2. Pallete
3. Spectrum
4. Wave

Answer: 3. Spectrum

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 13 Light: Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. State the functions of rods and cones in our eye.
Answer: Cones are responsible for colour vision, whereas rods are responsible for vision in dim light.

Question 2. Boojho while waving his hand very fast in front of his eyes, observes that his fingers appear blurred. What could be the reason for it?
Answer: Our eyes are not so sensitive for a large speed and when any object is very near, the ciliary muscles cannot focus the object so early.

Question 3. Name the part of the eye that gives colour to the eyes.
Answer: Iris has different colours, so the iris gives its colour to the eyes.

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 13 Light VSAQs

Question 4. Do you see any relation between the angle of Incidence and the angle of reflection?
Answer: The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.

Question 5. What would happen if we threw the light on the mirror along the normal?
Answer: If we throw the light on the mirror along the normal, the light ray will be reflected in the opposite direction.

Question 6. Can the reflected rays be further reflected if incident on another mirror?
Answer: Yes, the reflected rays can be further reflected if incident on another mirror.

Question 7. Do you know how you could see the hair at the back of your head?
Answer: The reflection of our hair falls onto the mirror at the back and that reflection gets reflected onto the mirror in front of us, whose virtual image again gets reflected into our eyes, and we can see the back ofour hair.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 13 Light

Question 8. Can you explain how reflection from the two mirrors enables us to see objects that are not visible directly?
Answer: When light falls on one mirror, it is reflected and falls on the mirror and gets reflected to the observer’s eyes.

Question 9. What happens if two plane mirrors are used in combination?
Answer: When two plane mirrors are used in combination, they will form multiple images for an object.

Question 10. Do we see all objects due to reflected light?
Answer: Yes, nearly everything we see around us is due to reflected light, e.g. moon receives light from the sun and reflects it.

Light VSAQs Class 8 NCERT Solutions

Question 11. What kind of lens is thicker at the centre?
Answer: A Convex lens is thicker in the centre.

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Combustion And Flame Long Answer Questions

Question 1. List the conditions under which combustion can take place.
Answer:

Necessary conditions for combustion are as follows:

1. Presence of combustible substance.
2. Proper supply ofair to provide oxygen.
3. Attainment of ignition temperature

Question 2. Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.
Answer:

CNG has replaced diesel and petrol as fuel in automobiles because petrol and diesel produce a lot of unburnt carbon particles and emit carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur dioxide.

These gases are all poisonous and cause various environmental hazards. The main causes of acid rain are nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide.

But CNG is safe because it produces these harmful substances in very small amounts. Thus, the use of CNG is reducing pollution in our cities.

NCERT Solutions for Combustion and Flame SAQs Class 8

Question 3. Compare LPG and wood as fuels.
Answer:

The Differences between LPG and wood are as follows:

Question 4. Give reasons.

1. Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.
Answer:

Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment because it conducts electricity, which can cause dangerous electric shocks.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Combustion and Flame SAQs

2. LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.
Answer:

LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood because LPG has more calorific value and produces pollution, while wood has less calorific value and produces smoke and causes more pollution.

3. Paper by itself catches fire easily, whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminum pipe does not.
Answer:

It is because the ignition temperature of paper is lower, so it catches fire easily. It does not catch fire when wrapped around an aluminum pipe because aluminum absorbs the heat by conduction, so the paper does not attain its ignition temperature.

NCERT Solutions for Combustion and Flame Chapter 4 SAQs

Question 5. Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.
Answer:

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Combustion and Flame SAQs

Question 8. The table shows the calorific value and pollutants released by four types of fuels.

1. Which fuel can boil the water in a vessel the fastest?

1. Type 1
2. Type 2
3. Type 3
4. Type 4

Answer: 4. Type 4

2. Which fuel can cause acid rain on combustion?

1. Type 1 only
2. Type 4 only
3. Both type 1 and type 3
4. Both type 2 and type 4

Answer: 3. Both type 1 and type 3

Combustion and Flame Class 8 NCERT SAQs

3. Which fuel type is likely to be biogas?

1. Type 1
2. Type 2
3. Type 3
4. Type 4

Answer: 4. Type 4

Question 9. Give two examples encli for solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels along with some Important uses.
Answer:

Solid fuels include wood and coal. Wood is used to cook food in homes, and coal is also used in industries.

Liquid fuels Examples are kerosene and petrol. Kerosene is used in stoves and in lamps to cook food and petrol is used as a fuel in automobiles. Gaseous fuels Examples are natural gas and petroleum gas. These are used in industries, CNG is used to run automobiles.

Question 10. How can you burn wood or coal using kerosene oil?
Answer:

We have to use kerosene oil to start fire jn wood or coal. It is because coal has high ignition temperature.

A burning matchstick cannot produce sufficient heat to reach the ignition temperature of coal. Since, ignition temperature of kerosene oil is low, so ifsome kerosene is sprinkled over the wood, the kerosene starts burning by a lighted matchstick.

The heat produced by the burning of kerosene makes the wood to burn. The coal pieces are then placed over the burning wood. The large heat produced by the burning wood heats the coal to its ignition temperature. In this way, the coal starts burning.

Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Combustion and Flame Short Answer Questions

Question 11. What are the three essential requirements to produce fire? How fire extinguisher useful for controlling the fire?
Answer:

The three essential requirements to produce fire are as follows:

1. Fuel
2. Air and
3. Heat is required to acquire the ignition temperature.

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Combustion and Flame SAQs

The job of a fire extinguisher is to cut off the supply fair or to bring down the temperature of the fuel or both. The most common fire extinguisher is water.

But water works only when things like wood and paper are on fire. For fires involving electrical equipment and Inflammable materials like petrol, carbon dioxide (CO) is the best extinguisher. CO2, being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like a blanket. Since the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut off, the fire can be controlled

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Combustion And Flame SAQs

Question 1. Why is a person covered with a blanket when the clothes of that person catch fire?
Answer:

When the clothes of a person catch fire, the person is covered with a blanket to extinguish the fire. This is because the supply of air to the burning clothes is cut off by the blanket, due to which the clothes stop burning and the fire gets extinguished.

NCERT Solutions for Combustion and Flame SAQs Class 8

Question 2. How does a matchstick burn?
Answer:

The head of the safety match contains antimony trisulfide and potassium chlorate. The rubbing surface has powdered glass and a little red phosphorus. When the match is struck against the rubbing surface, some red phosphorus gets converted into white phosphorus. This immediately reacts with potassium chlorate in the matchstick head to produce enough heat to ignite antimony trisulfide and start combustion.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Combustion and Flame SAQs

Question 3. Why can a matchstick burn a splinter of wood directly, but cannot burn a log of wood directly? How can we burn a log of wood?
Answer:

A matchstick can burn a splinter of wood directly because it has a low ignition temperature, whereas a matchstick cannot burn a log of wood directly as it has a high ignition temperature.

To burn a log of wood, a small fire is first started by burning straw (or dry grass), or paper by a matchstick, then the log of wood is placed over this fire. This fire heats the log of wood to its ignition temperature due to which it starts burning.

Question 4. A matchstick does not catch fire on its own. But when it is rubbed, it starts burning. Why?
Answer:

A matchstick does not catch fire on its own at room temperature because the ignition temperature of a matchstick is much higher than the room temperature. The matchstick starts burning on rubbed on the rough side provided on the matchbox.

It is because the heat produced by friction heats the chemical at the head of the matchstick to its ignition temperature and makes it burn.

NCERT Solutions for Combustion and Flame Chapter 4 SAQs

Question 5. The calorific values of petrol and CNG are 45000 kJ/kg and 50000 kJ/kg, respectively. If you have a vehicle that can run on petrol as well as CNG, which fuel would you prefer and why?
Answer:

We prefer CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) because the calorific value of CNG is higher than that of petrol. Therefore, CNG will be more economical. CNG will produce a larger amount of heat energy than petrol. At the same time, it produces the least air pollutants.

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Combustion and Flame SAQs

Question 6. Cracker on Ignition produces sound. Why?
Answer:

When a cracker is ignited, a sudden reaction takes place with the evolution of heat, light, and sound, and a large amount ot gas is liberated. Such a reaction is called an explosion. So, the cracker on ignition produces sound because of the sudden formation of a large amount of gas due to the chemical reaction.

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Combustion And Flame VSAQs

Question 1. Two glass Jars, A and B, are filled with carbon dioxide and oxygen gases, respectively. In each jar, n lit candle is placed simultaneously. In which Jar, will the candle remain lit for a longer time, and why?
Answer:

In jar B, the candle remains lit for a longer time because oxygen is a supporter of combustion.

NCERT Solutions for Combustion and Flame VSAQs Class 8

Question 2. Why should we take special care in storing kerosene oil?
Answer:

We need to take special care in storing kerosene oil because it has low ignition temperature and it can catch fire easily.

Combustion and Flame VSAQs NCERT Solutions Class 8

Question 3. Anu wants to boil water quickly in a test tube. On observing the different zones of the flame, she is not able to decide which zone of the flame will be best for boiling water quickly. Help her in this activity.
Answer:

Anu should keep her test tube in the outermost zone or non-luminous zone of the flame because it is the hottest zone of a flame.

Question 4. Why is the use of diesel and petrol as fuels in automobiles being replaced by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in big cities?
Answer:

It is because CNG produces harmful products in very small amounts, and it is a clean fuel.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Combustion and Flame VSAQs

Question 5. What do you understand by fuel efficiency?
Answer:

Fuel efficiency is determined by its calorific value, which is the amount of heat energy produced on the complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel. The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in KJ or kg.

Question 6. Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.
Answer:

The Calorific value ofa fuel is expressed in kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).

Question 7. Explain how CO2 can control fires.
Answer:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the best fire extinguisher. Being heavier than oxygen, it covers the fire like a blanket. Since the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut-off and hence, the fire is controlled. It also brings down the temperature of the fuel.

NCERT Solutions for Combustion and Flame Chapter 4 VSAQs

Question 8. It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves, but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain.
Answer:

It is difficult to burn a heap ofgreen leaves because the green leaves contain some water, due to which the ignition temperature ofleaves increases and they do not catch fire easily, while dry leaves have no water, so they catch fire easily.

Combustion and Flame Class 8 VSAQs and Answers

Question 9. Which zone of flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver, and why?
Answer:

A goldsmith uses the outer zone or non-luminous zone of a flame for melting gold and silver because it is the hottest zone of a flame and has more temperature.

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 3 Coal And Petroleum Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Which product of coal is used in the extraction of metals?
Answer: Coke

Question 2. Write two important uses of Coke.
Answer: Coke is used for the extraction of many metals and also for the manufacturing of steel.

NCERT Solutions for Coal and Petroleum VSAQs Class 8

Question 3. Name the petroleum product used as fuel for stoves, lamps, and jet aircraft.
Answer: Kerosene is used as fuel for stoves, lamps, and jet aircraft.

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 3 Coal and Petroleum VSAQs

Question 4. Name the process of separating the various useful constituents of petroleum.
Answer: Petroleum refining

Question 5. How is CNG a better fuel than petrol and diesel in vehicles?
Answer: CNG is a good alternative to petrol and diesel in vehicles because it is a clean fuel and causes less air pollution.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Coal and Petroleum VSAQs

Question 6. Which gas is used as a starting material for the manufacture of several chemicals, fertilisers, and why?
Answer: Natural gas is used as a starting material for the manufacture of many chemicals (petrochemicals) and fertilisers, as it is a source of hydrogen gas needed to manufacture the fertilisers.

NCERT Solutions for Coal and Petroleum Chapter 3 VSAQs

Question 7. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing roads.
Answer: Bitumen.

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 3 Coal And Petroleum Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Look at the figure where petroleum and natural gas deposits are shown. Why do we find an oil layer above a water layer?

Answer:

Oil and water do not mix, and they form two layers when mixed. OH is lighter than water, therefore it floats over water and is shown above the water layer.

NCERT Solutions for Coal and Petroleum SAQs Class 8

Question 2. Can we use our natural resources forever?
Answer:

No, we cannot use our natural resources forever. Some resources are present in limited quantities, which take millions of years to form and will exhaust one day, such as minerals and fossil fuels. etc.

Question 3. Where do we get coal from, and how is it formed?
Answer:

We get coal by the slow process of conversion of dead plants and animals buried deep under the Earth’s surface. The process is known as carbonisation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Coal and Petroleum SAQs

Question 4. Can coal, petroleum, and natural gas be prepared in the laboratory from dead organisms?
Answer:

No, their formation is a very slow process, and the conditions of formation cannot be created in the laboratory.

Question 5. What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?
Answer:

The advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels are as follows:

1. CNG and LPG are clean fuels.
2. They do not produce pollution.
3. They are easily available.
4. They can be used directly for burning

NCERT Solutions for Coal and Petroleum Chapter 3 SAQs

Question 6. Write the various fractions of petroleum.
Answer:

The various fractions of petroleum are:

1. Petroleum gas in liquid form (LPG)
2. Petrol
3. Kerosene
4. Dissel
5. Lubricating oil
6. Paraffin wax
7. Bitumen